Offprint from / Sonderdruck aus Glass in Byzantium – Production, Usage, Analyses Glas in Byzanz – Produktion, Verwendung, Analysen Offprint from / Sonderdruck aus RGZM – TAGUNGEN Band 8 Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte Jörg Drauschke, Daniel Keller (eds) GLASS IN BYZANTIUM – PRODUCTION, USAGE, ANALYSES International Workshop organised by the Byzantine Archaeology Mainz, 17th-18th of January 2008 Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum GLAS IN BYZANZ – PRODUKTION, VERWENDUNG, ANALYSEN Internationaler Workshop der Byzantinischen Archäologie Mainz, 17.-18. Januar 2008 Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2010 GLASS IN BYZANTIUM – PRODUCTION, USAGE, ANALYSES The products of Byzantine glass-making workshops are found throughout the whole of the Mediterranean area and were also distributed into regions far beyond the borders of the Empire. Research into glass production and distribution in Byzantium has made enormous progress, especially in the last years. Thanks to state of the art scientific methods and a number of recent discoveries, it is not only possible today to identify centres of raw glass production, but also to trace additional trade routes to secondary workshops. Furthermore the results of this research have revealed details of the formulas used in glass production, the source of the raw products and the technologies employed. The current state of this research was the subject of discussion at an international workshop hosted in January 2008 by the »Byzantine Archaeology Mainz«. Contributions to this conference dealt with a geographical area between North Africa, the Balkans, Asia Minor and the Near East. The focal point of the workshop was formed on the one hand by recent results of scientific analyses of glass and on the other hand by studies of regionally-specific expressions of Byzantine forms of glass. Thus research into Byzantine glass manufacture has once again produced highly interesting findings and permitted an insight into the diverse possibilities of modern analytical methods. RGZM – TAGUNGEN BAND 8 GLAS IN BYZANZ – PRODUKTION, VERWENDUNG, ANALYSEN Die Erzeugnisse byzantinischer Glaswerkstätten finden sich im gesamten Mittelmeerraum und erreichten auch weit entfernte Regionen jenseits der Reichsgrenzen. Die Erforschung der Glasproduktion und -verbreitung in Byzanz hat gerade in den letzten Jahren enorme Fortschritte erzielt: Dank modernster naturwissenschaftlicher Methoden und vielen Neufunden ist es heute möglich, Zentren der Rohglasherstellung zu identifizieren und den weiteren Vertriebsweg an sekundäre Werkstätten nachzuvollziehen. Die Ergebnisse geben darüber hinaus Auskunft über die verwendeten Glasrezepturen, die Herkunft der Rohstoffe und die angewandten Glastechnologien. Der aktuelle Stand der Forschung wurde im Januar 2008 bei einem von der »Byzantinischen Archäologie Mainz« veranstalteten internationalen Workshop diskutiert. Die Beiträge der Tagung behandeln einen geographischen Raum zwischen Nordafrika, Balkan, Kleinasien und dem Nahen Osten. Den Schwerpunkt bilden einerseits aktuelle Ergebnisse naturwissenschaftlicher Glasanalysen, andererseits Studien zur regionalspezifischen Ausprägung byzantinischer Glasformen. So liefert die Erforschung der byzantinischen Glaskunst immer wieder hochinteressante Erkenntnisse und gibt einen Einblick in die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten moderner Untersuchungsverfahren. © 2010 Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 1. Auflage 2010 270 Seiten mit 105 Abbildungen, 15 Farbtafeln ISBN 978-3-88467-147-4 € 44,– Bestellungen / orders: shop.rgzm.de verlag@rgzm.de Fax: 0049 (0) 6131 / 9124-199 Die Kooperation »Byzantinische Archäologie Mainz« wird gefördert durch das Programm »Wissen-schafft-Zukunft« des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz und war Mitglied des HistorischKulturwissenschaftlichen Forschungszentrums Mainz-Trier (HKFZ). Redaktion: Jörg Drauschke (RGZM), Daniel Keller (Basel), Martin Schönfelder (RGZM) Satz: Manfred Albert (RGZM), Michael Braun (Datenshop Wiesbaden) Umschlaggestaltung: Reinhard Köster (RGZM) nach Vorlagen aus dem Beitrag D. Keller (S. 13 Abb. 1) und Y. Gorin-Rosen / T. Winter (S. 169 Abb. 3, 2) Übersetzungen der Zusammenfassungen: Daniel Keller (D. K.), Eric Landgraf (E. L.), Ariane Schmidt (A. S.) und Autoren Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funk- und Fernsehsendung, der Wiedergabe auf photomechanischem (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, Ton- und Bildträgern bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Die Vergütungsansprüche des § 54, Abs. 2, UrhG. werden durch die Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort wahrgenommen. CONTENTS – INHALT Preface – Vorwort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Daniel Keller Byzantine glass: past, present and future – a short history of research on Byzantine glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Jörg Drauschke, Susanne Greiff Chemical aspects of Byzantine glass from Caričin Grad/Iustiniana Prima (Serbia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Katharina Uhlir, Michael Melcher, Manfred Schreiner, Barbara Czurda-Ruth, Friedrich Krinzinger SEM/EDX and µ-XRF investigations on ancient glass from Hanghaus 1 in Ephesos/Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Thilo Rehren, Fatma Marii, Nadine Schibille, Lucy Stanford, Carolyn Swan Glass supply and circulation in Early Byzantine Southern Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Patrick Degryse, Ian C. Freestone, Jens Schneider, Sarah Jennings † Technology and provenance of Levantine plant ash glass using Sr-Nd isotope analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Anastassios C. Antonaras Glass-working activities in Late Roman and Early Christian Thessaloniki: local workshops and vessels . . 93 E. Marianne Stern Medieval glass from the Athenian Agora (9th-14th c.) and some thoughts on glass usage and glass production in the Byzantine Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Binnur Gürler, Ergün Laflı Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna from the excavation seasons 1997 and 2002-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Veerle Lauwers, Patrick Degryse, Marc Waelkens Middle Byzantine (10th-13th century A.D.) glass bracelets at Sagalassos (SW Turkey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Constanze Höpken Glas in der Kommagene – Funde aus der Felsnekropole von Perrhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Yael Gorin-Rosen, Tamar Winter Selected insights into Byzantine glass in the Holy Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Daniel Keller Abbots’ orders, pilgrims’ donations, glass collection: the supply of glass lamps for a monastic/pilgrimage church in Southern Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Marie-Dominique Nenna The glass vessel decor of a funerary chapel in the Bagawat Necropolis, Kharga Oasis, Egypt . . . . . . . 199 V Sylvia Fünfschilling Byzantine glass finds from Carthage: from the German excavations, the English excavations at Bir Messaouda and from the Canadian excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Sarah Jennings † A group of glass ca. 800 A.D. from tower 2 on the Western Defences, Butrint, Albania . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Liz James Byzantine mosaics and glass: a problematic relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Sonja Schönauer Glas und Gläser in byzantinischen Texten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Jennifer Price Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 List of Contributors – Autoren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Abbreviations – Abkürzungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Plates VI BİNNUR GÜRLER · ERGÜN LAFLI MIDDLE AND LATE ROMAN GLASS FROM THE AGORA OF SMYRNA FROM THE EXCAVATION SEASONS 1997 AND 2002-2003 Smyrna, a Greek-Roman metropolis in western Asia Minor, is still little known through its archaeological material culture. Our information about this influential city is instead limited to written sources, as well as to a very little earlier, mostly unsystematic, archaeological field research carried out in various parts of today’s Izmir. During the Roman Imperial era, Smyrna was a major seaport on a gulf of the Aegean Sea. In the 2nd century A.D., the population was more than 100,000 (Hasselin-Rous 2006, 31). The prosperity of Roman and Late Roman Smyrna is reflected not only in highly complex buildings, such as the Agora, but also in the number of artefacts produced at Smyrna and traded abroad. So far, no study has been carried out into the production/industry of artefacts and their trade in Roman and Byzantine Smyrna. The »Agora« is the best preserved monumental building of Roman and Late Roman Smyrna. Archways and columns formed multi-storey stoas on all four sides of a central courtyard (fig. 1). The Roman Agora at Izmir (Smyrna) has been the site of eighteen excavation campaigns of four main series, beginning in 1932 and still ongoing today. There were eight seasons of Turco-German excavations between 1932 and 1941 1, two seasons of Turkish rescue excavations and cleaning activities by the Archaeological Museum of Izmir between 1996 and 1997 2, four seasons of Turco-French rescue excavations under the direction of M. Taşlıalan between 2002 and 2005 (Taşlıalan / Drew Bear 2004; Taşlıalan / Drew Bear et al. 2005; 2006) and, finally, the Turkish excavations that have been ongoing since 2007 3 under the direction of A. Ersoy from the Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir. Fragments of glass vessels and windowpanes are a characteristic category of small finds in almost all deposits excavated at the Agora of Smyrna, the bulk of the glass being products for daily use and not fashionable high quality items. In this brief report, we attempt to present typologies of both open and closed selected vessel forms and lamps found at the Agora of Smyrna during the 2002 and 2003 excavation seasons (fig. 1), including some earlier finds from 1997. Other groups of glass finds, i.e. bracelets, window glass (plate 7, 1-2), vitreous slags (plate 7, 4) and glass mosaic tesserae were excluded from this study. During the 2002 and 2003 seasons, most of the excavated areas consisted of the cellars of the northwestern and northern wings of the building (Taşlıalan / Drew Bear 2004, 293-294); the glass finds presented in this paper are mostly from the cellars of the northern wing. Agora of Smyrna has illuminated the history of the area over a period of 2,400 years. Finds range from scattered fragments of pottery from the Classical period to the contents of 19th and early 20th century basements (Kohl / Ersoy 2008, 349). It is now known that there are about 4.5 m of uninterrupted archaeological deposits in the Agora, dating from the 3rd century B.C. until the 7th century A.D. So far, no Hellenistic and very few Roman glass sherds from before A.D. 178, the date of the famous earthquake in Smyrna, have been found from the early occupation in the Agora. After several excavation seasons, it has become clear that most of the preserved shops and galleries found at the Agora are of the Late Roman period. Similarly, the glass found in the excavations is largely contemporary with the last centuries of the Roman Empire and the Early Byzantine era, i.e. a time span of 250 years ranging from the beginning of the 5th to the mid 7th centuries A.D.; there are surprisingly very few glass fragments from the later Byzantine and Turkish Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 121 Fig. 1 122 Excavation plan of the Agora of Smyrna in 2003. – (Archive of the Agora Excavations). Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna periods. In the present study, we include some numismatic correlation with the glass finds 4; as the associated pottery and small finds are still being studied, their chronological results are not considered here. However, since the 1997 and 2002-2003 rescue excavations occurred too quickly, in most cases, it was not possible to provide reliable dates. For this study, our principal methodology is a typological analogy with other dated sites in Turkey, mainly from Ephesus (Czurda-Ruth 2007), Sardis (von Saldern 1980) and Saraçhane (Hayes 1992). In addition, the forms listed in Isings’ catalogue (1957) were used to formalise the morphology of the glass from the Agora 5. Our knowledge of Smyrnaean glass production and consumption in the Roman and Byzantine periods is very limited 6. Only some glass stamps provide any information about Smyrnaean producers. From the evidence of objects in local museums 7, a glass industry appears to have developed in Smyrna during the Roman period, possibly tapping into the artistic talent of local metalworkers. Goblets, bottles and lamps were the common output, both of free-blown type and moulded (both blown and pressed). So far, however, no glass factory has been identified in the area of Smyrna. TECHNIQUE Within this material group, two main glass production techniques were recorded: only type I was produced via the mould-pressed technique; free-blown glass by far dominated all glass assemblages. Types II-XIX were produced via tooling and free-blowing, and most include traces of a pontil on the base. Type XVII includes some clear tool marks on the surface of its base, which might lead us to identify this feature as a decorative pattern. FABRIC The most common colours of glass finds examined in this paper are green (plate 7, 1. 4. 6-7) and olive green (plate 7, 5. 8-10). Other tones of green occur less frequently (plate 7, 3). The second most common colour is blue-green. The glass used for types XVIIa-2 is of extremely good quality. Colourless and brownish yellow glass is less common but the quality is almost equally good. Very few inclusions occur in the glass. THE GLASS MATERIAL Type I (fig. 2, 1-3) Outsplayed rim, with rounded edge, produced via the mould-pressed technique. No. 1, 2 and 3 (fig. 2), Isings’ form 23; at Pompeii, dated examples are mostly from the 1st century A.D. (earlier than A.D. 79; Isings 1957, 39). The most commonly used colours for this type at the Agora are light green and yellowish pale green. Three examples of the type include many bubbles. Their surface has become dull. A Late Roman bronze coin was found at the same stratigraphic level as no. 3. 1) I-18 1003. – Diam. 16 cm. Dark green transparent glass with many bubbles. Dull surface. 2) Room no. 6 1002. – Diam. 9 cm. Light green transparent glass. Dull surface. 3) J-20 28002 Level –300/–361. – Pale yellowish green transparent glass with many bubbles. Dull surface. Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 123 Fig. 2 Smyrna, Agora: types I-II, nos 1-10. – (Drawings B. Gürler). Type II (fig. 2, 4-10) Nos 4-10 are base fragments of Isings’ form 102 (Isings 1957, 120; Czurda-Ruth 2007, 81 no. 200; large bases of this shape are from bottles/flasks, while the smaller ones may be from beakers). Two main forms classified according to their rim typology belong to this group, both were in use between the end of the 2nd/beginning of the 3rd centuries and the late 4th century A.D. (Isings 1957, 121). Parallels for nos 4-5 come from Knossos (Price 1992, pl. 344, 189. 191) and the Palatine at Rome (Sternini 2001, 21-75 fig. 17, 180184), and for nos 6-10 from the Palatine (Sternini 2001, 21-75 fig. 17, 185-187). No. 7 was found with a bronze coin of Aelia Eudoxia (A.D. 395-404), wife of Arcadius. 4) R-17 25004. – Diam. 4.6 cm. Dark green transparent glass. Surface dull, with brown corrosion. 124 5) İ-17 10009. – Diam. 3.1 cm. Olive green transparent glass with many bubbles. Surface with brown corrosion (plate 7, 5). Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna 6) T-17. – Diam. 8.6 cm. Light brown transparent glass. Surface with brown corrosion. 7) I-18 1003. – Diam. 3.5 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass. Bubbles on the surface and in the interior. Surface dull, with brown corrosion. 8) O-4 III. Level ABS. – Diam. 3.2 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass. Bubbles on the surface and in the interior. Surface dull, with brown corrosion. 9) 1997 Season/Western Gate/Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 3.4 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Surface dull, with brown corrosion. 10) İ-17 10009. – Diam. 3 cm. Olive green transparent glass with bubbles. Surface with brown corrosion. Type III (fig. 3, 11-17) Jar with outcurved rim and bulbous body, Isings’ form 94. A few fragments can be dated to between the second half of the 2nd century and the 4th century A.D. We know from other excavated sites that these vessels were utilised as urns (Isings 1957, 111). Cypriote examples from the Augustan-early Tiberian age resemble Knossian ones (Price 1992, pl. 346, 252), which were produced at local workshops during the late 1st century A.D. (Price 1992, 433). No. 11 was found with a bronze coin of the later Roman Empire; nos 12, 15 and 17 were recovered at the same level as three bronze coins of Theodosius II and Honorius. 11) S-7 23004. – Diam. 6.6 cm. Blue-green transparent glass, almost colourless. Surface dull. Iridescence. 12) R-18 21009. – Diam. 9 cm. Light olive green transparent glass with small bubbles. Rounded rim. Surface with brown corrosion. 13) L-18 8006. – Diam. 8 cm. Yellowish green transparent glass. Rounded rim. Surface with brown corrosion. 14) D Gallery X-16 Level 2.55 m. – Diam. 6.6 cm. Light green transparent glass. Rounded and folded rim. Iridescence. 15) R-18 21009. – Diam. 8 cm. Light green opaque glass with bubbles. Rounded and smoothed rim. Iridescence. 16) Room N. 6 1002. – Diam. 10 cm. Green transparent glass, almost colourless, with bubbles. Rounded and folded rim. 17) R-18 21009. – Diam. 7 cm. Olive green transparent glass, almost colourless, with few bubbles. Rounded and folded rim. Surface with brown corrosion. Type IV (fig. 4, 18-20) Most of the fragments belong to the rim and neck parts. No. 18 is decorated with applied trail at the neck. This feature belongs to 3rd-4th (Hellström 1965, pl. 40, 7; Akat / Fıratlı / Kocabaş 1984, fig. 84; Özet 1998, no. 97; Canav 1985, 56 fig. 76; Harden et al. 1987, 146 fig. 74; Stern 1977, 55 no. 14 pl. 11) and 4th-5th century A.D. traditions (von Saldern 1968, no. 49; 1980, pl. 27, 612; Gürler 2000, no. 137; ArveillerDulong / Nenna 2005, pl. 120, 1305 [6th century A.D.]). No. 19 has parallels from the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. (Gürler 2000, no. 137; Lightfoot 1989, fig. 7, 1; Canav 1985, no. 76; Gassner 1997, pl. 68, 881; Hayes 1975, no. 300 fig. 10). No. 20, an undecorated fragment, is dated to the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. (Gürler 2001, 59-66 draw. 2, 12; Lightfoot 1989, fig. 7, 4; Gassner 1997, pl. 68, 875; Czurda-Ruth 2007, pl. 23, 891; Crowfoot 1957, fig. 95, 7; von Saldern 1980, no. 175 pl. 9; no. 476 pl. 26). A bronze coin of Constantine I was found at the same level as no. 18. 18) K-17 5002. – Diam. 2.5 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass, almost colourless. With trail decoration in same colour. Surface with black corrosion. 19) 1997 Season/East. – Diam. 3 cm. Pale blue transparent glass with trail decoration in same colour. Rounded rim. Corrosion white below the surface, black above. 20) T-20. – Diam. 3 cm. Pale aquamarine transparent glass. Rounded and folded rim. Tool marks below the neck. Surface with iridescent corrosion. Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 125 Fig. 3 Smyrna, Agora: type III, nos 11-17. Type V (fig. 4, 21-25) Bottle form used for wine and other liquids, Isings’ form 104. The funnel rim differentiates it from type IV. Isings’ form 104 belongs mainly to the 3rd century A.D., but it was also in use during the 4th century A.D. Nos 23-25 are probably from the 2nd-early 3rd century A.D. (Isings 1957, 123-124; 1971, fig. 2, 30; Gürler 2001, 59-66 draw. 2, 17; Czurda-Ruth 2007, pl. 23, 895). Some 4th-5th century A.D. examples are also known (Gürler 2000, no. 104; Harden 1936, 194. 215; Özet 1998, no. 101; Platz-Horster 1976, 71 fig. 139; Lightfoot / Arslan 1992, 133 fig. 80; von Saldern 1980, pl. 26, 502. 504). Since no. 21 features a 126 Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna Fig. 4 Smyrna, Agora: types IV-V, nos 18-25. wide funnel rim, it can also be classified under type V. Decoration with trail in its rim part. Parallels from the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. (Akat / Fıratlı / Kocabaş 1984, fig. 109). 21) R/S-17 Level –290 cm (wall debris). – Diam. 4.5 cm. Green transparent glass, almost colourless. With trail decoration in same colour. Rounded and folded rim. Surface with iridescent and black corrosion. 22) Western Gallery. – Diam. 6.1 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Rounded rim. Iridescent corrosion below the surface and black above. 23) R/S-17 Level –290 cm (wall debris). – Diam. 3.6 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Rounded rim. Surface with black corrosion. 24) R/S-17 Level –290 cm (wall debris). – Diam. 4.6 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Rounded rim. Surface with brown corrosion. 25) R/S-17 Level –290 cm (wall debris). – Diam. 3.5 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Rounded rim. Iridescence. Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 127 Fig. 5 Smyrna, Agora: type VI, nos 26-29. Type VI (fig. 5, 26-29) Funnel rim with long neck. Most examples are from contexts of the late 3rd-early 4th centuries A.D. (Isings 1971, fig. 1, 19; Gürler 2000, no. 122; Hayes 1975, pl. 21, 305; Harden 1949, fig. 2, 2 pl. 49, 4; Crowfoot 1957, fig. 94, 4 pl. 25, 6; Aström 1964, fig. 13, 754; Herbert 1964, pl. 46, 972; Weissgerber 1968, pl. 42, 2; Akat / Fıratlı / Kocabaş 1984, fig. 112b, 254; Canav 1985, no. 85). Later examples are known from the Palatine (Sternini 2001, 29 fig. 15, 147). No. 29, a large example, is decorated with applied trail. A further example from the 5th century A.D. is known from the Museum of Afyonkarahisar (Lightfoot 1989, fig. 9, 1). 26) 1997 Season. – Diam. 5.6 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Iridescent surface with brown corrosion. 27) 1997 Season. – Diam. 5.1 cm. Light green transparent glass, almost colourless. Iridescence. 28) W-17. – Diam. 4.5 cm. Colourless transparent glass. Surface with iridescent corrosion. 29) B. – Diam. 6.6 cm. Light olive green transparent glass with very thin trail decoration in the same colour. Type VII (fig. 6, 30-39) Bulbous body, without base ring. So-called »concave base« sherds; similar to Isings’ form 70 that is not a well-known type, but some examples are known, however, from Herculaneum (pre-A.D. 79) and from Cyprus (c. A.D. 220) (Isings 1957, 90); to Isings’ form 92 from which only very few examples are known so far, dated examples are from the 2nd century A.D. (Isings 1957, 110); to Isings’ form 101, whose dated examples are from the second half of the 3rd century as well as the last quarter of the 4th century A.D. (Isings 1957, 119-120); to Isings’ form 103, whose dated examples are from the 3rd century to the first half of the 4th century A.D. (Isings 1957, 121-122); to bottles Isings’ form 104b which were made of green glass 128 Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna Fig. 6 Smyrna, Agora: type VII, nos 30-39. and appear first in the second half of the 3rd century and became common in the 4th century A.D. (Isings 1957, 123-125) and to Isings’ form 133, which is more common in the east and is also known in Karanis where smaller versions are present and are later than A.D. 300 (Isings 1957, 161; Harden 1936, 186). Cup bases from a 3rd century context at Knossos also resemble our examples (Price 1992, 430 pl. 345, 192-193). Similar examples to no. 38 are known from Ephesus (Czurda-Ruth 2007, pl. 16, 453), and to no. 39 from both Labraunda (Hellström 1965, pl. 40, 16) and Ephesus (Czurda-Ruth 2007, pl. 16, 452). Some later bases of similar shape are also known from Sardis (von Saldern 1980, pl. 27, 540). A bronze coin of Aelia Eudoxia was found at the same level as no. 35. 30) S-17 23004. – Diam. 4.2 cm. Yellowish green transparent glass with bubbles. Pontil marks on the base. Surface with brown corrosion. 31) J-17 6010. – Diam. 5.7 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Pontil marks on the base. Iridescent surface with brown corrosion. 32) Trench O4 Level III ABS. – Diam. 5.2 cm. Light olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the base. Iridescence. 33) 1997 Season / Western Gate / Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 4.8 cm. Light aquamarine transparent glass. Pontil marks on the base. Surface dulled by light brown corrosion. Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 129 34) 1997 Season / Western Gate / Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 4.1 cm. Light aquamarine transparent glass. Pontil marks on the base. Iridescence. 35) I-18 1005. – Diam. 4 cm. Light olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the base. Surface with black corrosion in parts. 36) R/S-17 Level –290 cm (wall debris). – Diam. 6.3 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Pontil marks on the base. Surface with brown corrosion. 37) R/S-17 Level –290 cm (wall debris). – Diam. 4 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless, with bubbles. Pontil marks on the base. 38) R/S-17 Level –290 cm (wall debris). – Diam. 4.4 cm. Pale green transparent glass in almost colourless appearance. Pontil marks on the base. Surface with iridescent corrosion above a black layer. 39) 1997 Season / Western Gate / Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 5 cm. Pale green transparent glass. Formed through blowing and hot-working technique. Iridescence. Type VIII (fig. 7, 40-41) Isings’ form 104b (Isings 1957, 123-125). Rim and neck fragments. Parallels for no. 40 are dated to the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 4th century A.D. (Gürler 2000, no. 105; Hayes 1975, pls 20, 310; 26, 289; Lightfoot 1990, 104 no. 10). Parallels for no. 41 are mostly from Asia Minor (Gürler 2000, no. 106; Özet 1988, no. 18; Lightfoot / Arslan 1992, no. 70; Lightfoot 1990, 104 no. 10). 40) O-4 III. Level ABS. – Diam. 1.8 cm. Pale green transparent glass. Iridescence. 41) 1997 Season/East. – Diam. 2.1 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Surface dull, with brown corrosion. Type IX (fig. 7, 42) Narrow neck; only one rim and neck fragment (Isings’ form 103). It has a constriction at the bottom of the neck to aid sealing off the lower bulb. The constriction narrows the opening into the sample chamber, but maintains or increases the wall thickness of the glass tube in the seal zone. This is an important feature for the novice glass worker. The rim part was not finished, but smoothed. The earliest example of this type is from the 3rd century A.D. Most of these bottles are, however, from the late 3rd-early 4th century A.D. (Isings 1957, 121-122). The type is very popular in Roman Asia Minor (Gürler 2000, nos 101-102; Isings 1957, form 103; Lightfoot / Arslan 1992, no. 69; Akat / Fıratlı / Kocabaş 1984, fig. 108, 246; Lightfoot 1989, fig. 713, 74; 1990, fig. 8; Weinberg 1962, pl. 27 fig. 11). A bronze coin of Aelia Eudoxia was found at the same level as no. 42. 42) I-18 1004. – Diam. 1.6 cm. Amber transparent glass. Surface dull. Iridescence. Type X (fig. 7, 43-46) Rim and neck fragments of a perfume bottle (Akat / Fıratlı / Kocabaş 1984, fig. 87; Özet 1998, nos 105106; Vessberg 1952, 138 lev. IX, 9-12; Lightfoot / Arslan 1992, 181 fig. 116; Serdaroğlu 1972, 7 lev. 21-2; von Saldern 1980, 24 fig. 130; Sternini 2001, fig. 16, 162-163). Similar long-lived forms belong to the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. (cf. Isings 1957, 100-101). 130 Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna Fig. 7 Smyrna, Agora: types VIII-X, nos 40-46. 43) 1997 Season/Western Gate/Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 2.5 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass. Surface dull, with brown corrosion. 44) 1997 Season/Western Gate/Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 2.2 cm. Colourless glass. Surface with lustrous white corrosion. Fig. 8 Smyrna, Agora: type XI-XIV, nos 47-53. 45) X-17. – Diam. 2.8 cm. Amber transparent glass with bubbles. Surface with brown corrosion. 46) J-20 28002. Level –320/–340. – Diam. 2.2 cm. Olive green transparent glass with bubbles. Surface with brown corrosion. Type XI (fig. 8, 47) Neck and body of Isings’ form 28b (Isings 1957, 42), a perfume flask. A very common form (Hayes 1975, fig. 8, 233; Vessberg 1956, 3 fig. 61, 8; Edgar 1905, pl. 8, 32682; Fortuna 1965, figs 2. 4. 12; Gürler 2000, nos 40-41). Although the form originated in the 1st century A.D., it continued to be used until the 4th century A.D. (Isings 1957, 43). 47) O-4 III. Level ABS. – Diam. 1.8 cm. Pale bluish green transparent glass. Dull glass. Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 131 Type XII (fig. 8, 48-49) Isings’ form 105 (or 27); unguentarium of »long narrow pipette-shaped« form. Similar to Isings’ form 8 from the Nero-Flavian period, it was in use until the 4th-5th century A.D. (Isings 1957, 126). This form was also popular in Northern Europe (Vessberg 1956, 3 fig. 50, 31). Morin-Jean confirms that it is a 4th century A.D. typology (Morin-Jean 1913, 81 form 32). Parallels for nos 48-49 are dated between the 1st and the 4th centuries A.D. (Hayes 1975, fig. 120 nos 630-631; second half of the 1st century A.D.: Gürler 2000, nos 18-19; Young 1949, pl. 26, 6 [6]; 32, 14 [3]; Hayes 1975, fig. 20, 631; Canav 1985, no. 41; Clairmont 1963, pl. 36, 736; Dussart 1998, 170 type BXIII; 161 pl. 55, 12; and for Isings 105 generally Cool 2002). 48) 1997 Season/Western Gate/Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 0.4 cm. Light blue transparent glass. Surface with black corrosion. 49) 1997 Season/Western Gate/Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 0.6 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Dull glass. Type XIII (fig. 8, 50) Miniature perfume bottle of shallow disc form. Parallels date to the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D. (Stern 1989, fig. 14; Lightfoot / Arslan 1992, no. 145). Very common form; also examples from Sagalassus and Amorium and may continue well into the Byzantine period 9. A similar example is recorded at the local Museum of Tire (Gürler 2000, no. 138). 50) X-16. – Diam. 3 cm. Colourless transparent glass with bubbles. Iridescence. Type XIV (fig. 8, 51-53) Isings’ form 26a. Rim and neck fragments of a perfume bottle. Short necked with folded rim. A variety of Isings’ form 6. The most common colour used for this type is blue-green. On earlier examples the constriction between the neck and shoulder is very definite. In later examples, the profile curved markedly. Dated examples are noted from the middle of the 1st century A.D. to the end of the 2nd century A.D. (Isings 1957, 40). Some later examples were found at the Palatine (Sternini 2001, 21-75 fig. 16, 157). A bronze coin of Aelia Eudoxia was found with no. 52. 51) 1997 Season/Western Gate/Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 2.2 cm. Light yellowish green transparent glass. Dull glass. 52) I-18 1005. – Diam. 3.2 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass. Surface with brown-black corrosion. 53) J-20 28002 Level –320/–340 cm. – Diam. 1.8 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Dull glass. Type XV (fig. 9, 54-65) These so-called »tubular base rings« could be from jugs, bowls or bottles 10. Similar bases were found in Labraunda, Knossos, Dura-Europos and Palatine (Hellström 1965, pl. 40, 20; Price 1992, pl. 345, 200-202; Clairmont 1963, pl. 32-33; Sternini 2001, 21-75 fig. 19, 192-198. 200. 202). Examples from Knossos are noted from the time of Claudius and Nero, and from Dura-Europos from the middle Roman Imperial period 11. Similar examples to no. 61 are known from Sardis (von Saldern 1980, pl. 21, 108) and Ephesus 132 Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna Fig. 9 Smyrna, Agora: type XV, nos 54-65. (Czurda-Ruth 2007, pl. 11, 210), and also to no. 64 from Ephesus (Czurda-Ruth 2007, pl. 16, 486). A bronze coin of Theodosius II and Honorius was found with no. 55. Two late Roman bronze coins were recorded at the same level as nos 54 and 62. 54) S-17 23004. – Diam. 4.9 cm. Yellowish green transparent glass. Surface with black corrosion in parts. 55) R-18 21009. – Diam. 4.7 cm. Light olive green transparent glass with little bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with brown-black corrosion. 56) I-18 1006. – Diam. 4.3 cm. Light bluish green transparent glass with bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. Iridescence. 57) I-18 1006. – Diam. 3.5 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass with bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. 58) I-18 1006. – Diam. 3.5 cm. Light olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface dull, with brown corrosion. 59) S-18 2007. – Diam. 4.9 cm. Dark brownish yellow transparent glass with few bubbles. Surface dull. Iridescence. Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 133 60) J-17 6001. – Diam. 3. cm. Light yellowish green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with iridescent and black corrosion. 61) I-20 26003 Level –385. – Diam. 4.7 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless, with many bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with brown corrosion. Iridescence. 62) J-20 28002 Level –300/–361. – Diam. 4.1 cm. Light olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom and tool marks on the base. Surface dull, with brown corrosion. 63) I-20 26002 Level –375. – Diam. 5.2 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless, with many bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. 64) B-13. – Diam. 6.2 cm. Pale green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Dull surface. 65) R/S-17 Level –290 (wall debris). – Diam. 5.4 cm. Yellowish green transparent glass, almost colourless, with many bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with black corrosion. Type XVI (fig. 10, 66-70) Folded feet and base fragments of stemmed goblets (nos 6669) and a beaker (no. 70). Most similar examples from the Palatine and the Louvre are dated to the 7th century A.D. (Sternini 2001, fig. 11, 112-114 [stemmed goblet]; ArveillerDulong / Nenna 2005, 477 no. 1298 [7th century A.D., Syrian-Palestinian production]) 12. Some intact examples are known from various places (Dusenbery 1971, 9-33; fig. 35). At the St. Nicholas’ church at Myra, it has been assumed that such chalices were used as lamps for illumination (Olcay Fig. 10 Smyrna, Agora: type XVI, nos 66-70. 2001, 77-87; fig. 7 [stemmed goblet]; Acara / Olcay 1997, fig. 3). Some parallel examples are known from Gerasa (Meyer 1988, 199 fig. 8, Y-cc; Dussart 1995, 357 fig. 7, 18 [Jerash; end of 6th century A.D.]), Ephesus (Czurda-Ruth 2007, pl. 20, 783 [parallel to no. 66]; pl. 19, 694 [parallel to no. 67]) and Anemurium (Stern 1985, 45 fig. 3) 13. A Late Roman bronze coin was found with no. 66. These vessels could have been used as drinking glasses during the ecclesiastical liturgy; the lamps, however, often had no feet because they were in use in polycandelons (fig. 16). There are a few more forms similar to conical beakers but it is uncertain whether they were used as beakers or lamps. 66) J-18 4012. – Diam. 8 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Iridescent surface with white corrosion. 67) 1997 Season / Western Gate / Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 5.7 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with black corrosion. 68) 1997 Season / Western Gate / Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 5.4 cm. Light yellowish green transparent glass. Surface dull. Iridescence. 134 69) 1997 Season / Western Gate / Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 5 cm. Light yellowish green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with black corrosion. 70) R/S-17 Level –290 cm. (wall debris). – Diam. 5.3 cm. Amber transparent glass. Surface with iridescent and black corrosion. Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna Fig. 11 Smyrna, Agora: type XVII, nos 71-79. Type XVII (pl. 11-12, 71-97) Isings’ form 11114. These so-called »stemmed goblets« (Isings 1957, 139), originating from the eastern Mediterranean (Hayes 1975, fig. 11, 407; Baur 1938, 524 no. 16 fig. 20; Delougaz / Haines 1960, pl. 60, 17; Lightfoot 1989, fig. 4, 6) have been found at the well-stratified »Bourse« in Marseille; none were derived from a context earlier than the beginning of the 6th century A.D. (Foy 1995, no. 107; pl. 11, 107; 2000, 154 fig. 2, 5). This date has also been matched on various stratified sites in Rome (Sternini 2001, 29). Stemmed goblets are more popular at oriental sites; this has been attested by the undated glass finds of Gerasa (Baur 1938, 517. 524; no. 17 type F) which have been classified by Baur according to their quality and typology. This form continued to exist into the Medieval period, during which time it was especially popular in Italy (Isings 1957, 140; Fünfschilling 1999, 497-498) where they were produced between the 6th and 7th centuries A.D. It was also in use in Egypt 15 and in Byzantium (Isings 1957, 140). The closest parallels to our examples are from Sardis (von Saldern 1980, pl. 24, 308. 323. 336). Almost 500 fragments from Sardis are noted from the early Byzantine levels (von Saldern 1980, 53). The light green colour of this type is documented amongst the finds from Rome. In Rome, light blue is also common, although this colour is not known among the finds from Cyprus. The dominant colours for goblets at Karanis are olive green and yellow (Harden 1936, 167) 16. In Carthage and the western Mediterranean, greenish coloured examples belong more or less to the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., with olive and yellowish fragments found in the 6th and some with a bluish tinge in the 7th century 17. The most dominant colour of the goblets from the Agora of Smyrna is olive green, followed by blue-green; this suggests that goblets from the Agora could be dated to the 6th and 7th century A.D. At the Agora, two main forms of this type have been observed so far. Type XVIIa has a wide base, short foot and vertical edges (figs 11-12). According to the colour and quality of the glass, this group has been divided into two further Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 135 Fig. 12 Smyrna, Agora: type XVII, nos 80-91. sub-groups. The colour of the first sub-group (type XVIIa-1) is olive green and tones thereof (fig. 11); the second sub-group (type XVIIa-2) is light blue-green, of good quality and better workmanship (fig. 12). Type XVIIb has a wide base and a very short foot 18 with a purse-like body (fig. 13). The dominant colour for this group is olive green. Two bronze coins of Theodosius II / Honorius were found with nos 77 and 80. Two Late Roman bronze coins were found with nos 86, 94 and 97. 71) R-17 25004. – Diam. 3.9 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Good quality glass. 72) R-17 25004. – Diam. 4.2 cm. Amber transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with white corrosion (plate 7, 6). 73) J-20 28001 Level –220/–250 cm. – Diam. 4.1 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Good quality glass. Surface with brown corrosion. 74) I-20 26001 Level –238/–320 cm. – Diam. 4.5 cm. Olive green transparent glass with bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. 136 75) I-20 26001 Level –238/–320 cm. – Diam. 4.5 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. 76) S-18 2007. – Diam. 3.8 cm. Light bluish green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with iridescent and black corrosion. 77) R-18 21009. – Diam. 4.8 cm. Light olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with brown corrosion. 78) I-20 26003 Level –385 cm. – Diam. 5.2 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Dull glass. Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna Fig. 13 Smyrna, Agora: type XVII, nos 92-97. 79) J-20 28004 Level –420 cm. – Diam. 4.3 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom (plate 7, 7). 80) R-18 21009. – Diam. 4.4 cm. Light bluish green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with white corrosion. 81) I-18 1005. – Diam. 3.9 cm. Bluish green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Iridescence. 82) I-18 1003. – Diam. 4.6 cm. Light bluish green transparent glass. Dull glass (plate 7, 8). 83) V-17. – Diam. 5 cm. Light bluish green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Dull glass (plate 7, 9). 84) T-20. – Diam. 5 cm. Pale bluish green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom (plate 7, 10). 85) I-18 1005. – Diam. 4.5 cm. Light green transparent glass with bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. Iridescence. 86) J-20 28002 Level –300/–361 cm. – Diam. 3.7 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with iridescent corrosion. 87) I-18 1006, Diam. 4.7 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless, with bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. Dull surface. 88) J-20 28004/28005 Level –450/–550 cm. – Diam. 3.8 cm. Light green transparent glass with bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with iridescent corrosion. 89) I-20 26001 Level –238/–320 cm. – Diam. 3.5 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Good quality glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. 90) I-20 26001 Level –238/–320 cm. – Diam. 4.4 cm. Dark green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Dull glass. 91) J-20 28002 Level –220/–250 cm. – Diam. 3.8 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Pontil marks on the bottom. Iridescence corrosion. 92) I-20 26002 Level –375 cm. – Diam. 3.4 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. 93) B-13. – Diam. 5,5 cm. Light olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Dull glass. 94) J-20 28002 Level –300/–361 cm. – Diam. 3.1 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Iridescence corrosion. 95) J-20 28004 Level –420 cm. – Diam. 3.7 cm. Olive green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. 96) S-18 2007. – Diam. 3.7 cm. Dark olive green transparent glass with bubbles. Pontil marks on the bottom. 97) L-18 8009. – Diam. 4.3 cm. Pale green transparent glass. Pontil marks on the bottom. Surface with black corrosion. Type XVIII (fig. 14, 98-107) Conical form, used either as a cup or lamp (Isings 1957, 126-127) 19. All over the Mediterranean, examples of the conical form were used as lamps for illumination (Morin-Jean 1913, pl. 10; Harden 1936, 155; Vessberg 1956, 211 no. 5; Crowfoot / Harden 1931, 196) between the 4th and 6th centuries A.D. (Isings 1957, 130-131). Other than those recorded by Isings, some further samples from the 4th and 5th centuries have been noted (von Saldern 1968, no. 61; Sternini 2001, fig. 9, 58-62; Dusenbery 1971, pl. 23, 36; fig. 35; Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 137 Fig. 14 Smyrna, Agora: type XVIII, nos 98-107. Newman 1977, 76). According to Harden, this later form appeared no earlier than the 4th century A.D. (Harden 1936, 156). It was a common form during the era of Constantine (Vessberg 1956, 211), but its distribution pattern excluded Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, 211 nos 3. 6). At Ephesus, Sardis, Knossos, Corinth, Augst and Karanis, similar shapes have been classified according to their rim fragments as beaker or other vessel forms (Gassner 1997, pl. 69, 887-890; von Saldern 1980, no. 204 pl. 22; Price 1992, pl. 344, 180. 187; Canav 1985, nos 125. 129-130; Davidson 1952, no. 640 fig. 8; Rütti 1991, no. 1593 pl. 73; Harden 1936, no. 632 pl. 15; Isings 1971, fig. 16, 47). Examples from Knossos were dated to the 3rd century A.D., 138 Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna Fig. 15 Smyrna, Agora: type XIX, nos 108-112. Fig. 16 Similar lamp form to type XIX from an Early Byzantine burial in Dumlupınar near Mersin (from 1988 excavation season). – (Archaeological Museum of Mersin). whereas samples from Sardis and Ephesus were noted as »Late Roman-Early Byzantine«. This form at the Agora of Smyrna could be defined as a lamp due to its small dimensions and fairly straight edge. 98) I-18 1006. – Diam. 9 cm. Pale bluish green transparent glass with bubbles. Rounded rim. Iridescence. 99) I-18 1006. – Diam. 10.6 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless. Rounded rim with bubbles. 100) 1997 Season / Western Gate / Lower Gallery (East). – Diam. 6.2 cm. Pale green transparent glass. Rounded rim. Iridescence. 101) V-17 Southern Platform. – Diam. 7.4 cm. Pale green transparent glass. Rounded and folded rim. Interior pinhead size bubble. Surface with white corrosion. 102) T-17. – Diam. 6.4 cm. Pale green transparent glass. Everted and folded rim. Iridescent surface with brown corrosion. 103) I-18 1004. – Diam. 5.4 cm. Colourless transparent glass. Surface with brown corrosion (plate 7, 3). 104) I-18 1004. – Diam. 5.6 cm. Green transparent glass, almost colourless, with bubbles. Everted and rounded rim. 105) L-18 8006. – Diam. 8.4 cm. Light olive green transparent glass. Everted and rounded rim. Surface with black corrosion in parts. 106) T-20. – Diam. 8.6 cm. Pale green transparent glass, almost colourless, with bubbles. Everted and rounded rim. Iridescence . 107) A-17/18. – Diam. 5.6 cm. Pale aquamarine transparent glass. Rim was cut and straightened. Dull surface. Type XIX (fig. 15, 108-112) Hollow lamp stems. With their wider dimensions, nos 108-110 are very similar in shape. Parallels dating to the 4th and 5th centuries A.D. are known from Ephesus, Sardis, Cyprus and elsewhere (Gassner 1997, pl. 69, 908-909 [could also be base fragments of unguentaria]; Czurda-Ruth 2007, pl. 21, 819 [similar to no. 111]; pl. 21, 820 [similar to no. 109]; Vessberg 1952, nos 12-13 pl. 10; von Saldern 1980, nos 274-280 pl. 23; Czurda-Ruth 1989, nos 52-53 fig. 5; Vessberg 1956, fig. 51, 12. 14). There are also 5th-7th century A.D. Glass in Byzantium · Drauschke/Keller (eds) 139 examples from Tarsus, Anemurium, Saraçhane, Sardis, Palestine, Sidi Jdidi in Tunasia, Italy and elsewhere (Olcay 2001, 77-87 fig. 4b-c; Olcay 1998, pl. 170; Stern 1985, 45 fig. 3; Harden 1962, 85 pl. 20, 52-54; Engle 1987, 32 pl. 19; Hayes 1992, fig. 151, 37-38; Foy 2005, pl. 43 fig. 20 [6th century A.D.]); pl. 43 fig. 28 [5th-7th century A.D.]; Dussart 1995, 357 fig. 7, 6 [4th-6th cent. A.D.]), as well as 6th and 7th century A.D. parallels from the Palatine (Sternini 2001, fig. 12, 121). In the publication of Jerash by Baur, they were dated »before the middle of 8th century A.D.« (Baur 1938, 518). A parallel with no. 111 is known from Beirut (Foy 2005, pl. 43 fig. 24), dated to the 6th-7th century A.D. No. 112 differs from the other samples in this group. No. 109 was found with a bronze coin of Constantine I. A more intact but similar form to type XIX from Cilicia is shown on figure 16. 108) R-17 25004. – Pale green transparent glass. Surface with white and brown corrosion. 109) K-17 5002. – Light green transparent glass. Surface with black corrosion. 110) I-18 1006. – Pale green transparent glass in almost colourless appearance with bubbles. Iridescence. 111) 1997 Season. – Light green transparent glass. Iridescence. 112) X-15 Level + 400 cm. – Colourless transparent glass; dull. CONCLUSIONS Glass slags and cakes found during the excavations of the Agora could perhaps be taken as evidence for ancient glass working in this area; Izmir must, however, be a »secondary« glass working centre from, at the latest, the beginning of the 5th to the mid-7th century. Since types II, III VII, XV and XVII, XVIII were found in the Agora in considerable numbers, it could be suggested that their production centre was perhaps close to the Agora itself. Nos 21, 23-25, 36-38 and 70 were found together in a wall debris assemblage at R/S-17 squares, below the –290 cm level. Related coins from this context provide a date range for these fragments between the 3rd and 5th centuries A.D. Since most of the types are known from other Anatolian sites, it is likely that the finds from the Agora of Smyrna followed the general characteristics of the western Anatolian glass tradition in the Early Byzantine period, such as forms and colours, as well as function. Late Roman-Early Byzantine lamps or goblets are further evidence of the increasing eastern impact on western Anatolian glass production. Similar cases have previously been observed with regard to the glass finds from Sardis. The Late Roman-Early Byzantine glass of the Agora, with its large morphological variety, reflects the characteristics of an assemblage belonging to a commercial site with intensive international maritime trade. Since Alahan, Anemurium, Saraçhane and St. Nicholas’ at Myra reflect ecclesiastical occupation, Serçe Limanı a wreck assemblage, and Ephesus, Amorium and Sagalassus domestic occupation, only Smyrna and Sardis offer commercial contexts for that period. Comparing Smyrna with Sardis provides a more heterogeneous picture in terms of material variability and typology. Since this study only offers an internal typological and chronological seriation of glass from the Agora, in a future study, one should take this a step further and study the local glass production and trade at Smyrna on an extended scale. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the following colleagues for their help with various aspects of this paper (alphabetically): Eva Christof (Graz), Nina Crummy (Colchester), Jörg Drauschke (Mainz), Akın Ersoy (Izmir), Sylvia Fünfschilling (Augst), Vincenza Iorio (Naples), Daniel 140 Keller (Mainz/Basel), Veerle Lauwers (Leuven), Chris Lightfoot (New York), Mehmet Taşlıalan (Izmir), Elisabeth Truszkowski (Paris) and Alexander Zäh (Frankfurt). Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna NOTES 1) Naumann / Kantar 1950. Only in 1934 and 1936 was there no excavation in the Agora. The archaeological interest of S. Kantar in the Agora began in 1926. For a brief history of the excavations at the Agora, see Kohl / Ersoy 2008. Almost no small finds were reported from these excavations. Almost no glass is reported from the French archaeological activities in Izmir at the end of the 19th century (especially at what are today Yeşildere and Basmane). 2) There is no published report from these excavations; we therefore know very little about these seasons. 3) Kohl / Ersoy 2008. – The glass finds from Dokuz Eylül University excavations after 2007 at Agora are also being studied by B. Gürler. 4) Coins from the excavations at the Agora of Smyrna during the 2002-2003 seasons were studied by N. Uslu as a previously unpublished Master’s Thesis at the Institute of Social Sciences of the Dokuz Eylül University (Uslu 2004). – We are grateful for the numismatic information for the Agora excavations pertinent to this paper that she has provided. 5) The catalogue of C. Isings concentrates mainly on western finds up to the 1950s; very little oriental glass is present in her catalogue. Also, the dates offered in this book, especially for the later glass, should be reconsidered. The »international« shapes proposed by Isings, i.e. popular shapes in both the western and eastern part of the Empire, are forms 96, 106 and 109. 6) The published results of Roman and Byzantine dated glass from Sardis, Alahan, Serçe Limanı, Saraçhane, Amorium, Elaioussa-Sebaste, Ephesus and other minor sites are discussed and correlated with each other in order to create a firm base for the study of Early Byzantine glass in Asia Minor in Laflı / Gürler 2010. – An article about Roman glass working in Asia Minor already appeared: Lauwers / Degryse / Waelkens 2007, esp. 39-44 fig. 2; also cf. Oral Çakmakçı 2008. 7) The glass of the local museums at Tire in the area around Ephesus and Izmir has already been published: cf. Gürler 2000. – The glass of Bergama (Atila / Gürler 2009) and Izmir (Gürler / Atila in press) Museums has also been studied by B. Gürler and C. Atila 8) Applied trails on the neck of such flasks continue into the 6th and 7th centuries A.D. in the east: cf. from Gerasa/Jerash: Kehrberg 1986, 381. 383 figs 9, 31. 48-50; Meyer 1988, 207 fig. 11G-J; from Shavei Zion: Barag 1967, 65-66 nos 3-4. 7 fig. 16, 3-4. 7; from Khirbat al Karak: Delougaz / Haines 1960, 49 pls 59,1-6; 60, 5-6; also from Karjih: Harden 1966, fig. 11. – We would like to thank D. Keller for these references from the Near East. 9) Pers. comm. Ch. Lightfoot December 2008. 10) Cf. Isings’ form 37 (one handled vessel, 1st century A.D.), Isings’ form 41 (cylindrical bowl, 1st century A.D.), Isings Form 42 (bowl, late 1st-early 3rd century A.D.) and Isings’ form 44 (bowl, late 1st-early 2nd century A.D.). 11) Price 1992, pl. 345 nos 200-202; Clairmont 1963, pls 32-33. – It should also be expressed that Clairmont’s dating of the glass finds from Dura-Europos is according to stylistic and typological parallels, but not their archaeological contexts (cf. Clairmont 1963, 1-3). The only dating evidence provided by the archaeological context of the glass finds from Dura-Europos is the one before the site’s destruction in A.D. 256. 12) Stemmed goblets with folded feet are generally known from the 5th century A.D. onwards. – For the introduction of stemmed goblets with folded feet in the 5th century in the Eastern Mediterranean cf. Stern 2001, 263. 270-271; for a similar starting date in southern France, Italy and Tunisia cf. Foy 1995, 207-208; Fünfschilling 1999, 497. 13) According to Stern (1985, 44), only one stemmed goblet was found in a grave at Anemurium, whereas the others were found in the necropolis church. Stern is also referring to relevant finds from Salamis for such goblets in domestic contexts (Stern 1985, 44 note 45) and from Sardis for commercial contexts (Stern 1985, 44 note 46). Stern 1985, 44 interprets the stemmed goblets from Anemurium as lamps due to their ecclesiastical context, as they come from the necropolis church. A glass lamp from an Early Byzantine burial in Dumlupınar, 5 km west of Mersin, found in 1988 is pictured here in fig. 15. 14) There are forerunners with folded feet, which are often confused with stemmed goblets, for example, the variant forms of feet found on Isings 109. 15) In Egypt, such stemmed goblets were in use from the 6th century A.D. onwards, as demonstrated by the relevant finds from Coptos (Nenna 2000, 24 fig. 10) and Elephantine (Keller in press). 16) The date from Karanis for this particular form is, however, no longer valid, since the site existed for much longer than the 4th century A.D. For the redating of the later occupation of Karanis, i.e. Hayes 1975, 2-3; Whitehouse 1999, 168-170; also cf. Pollard 1998. 17) As in the same manner as Early Roman natural green glass: personal communication with S. Fünfschilling in December 2008. 18) At the Agora, the methods of producing the feet of stemmed goblets display some chronological differences, as in Tunasia; cf. Foy 2003, 71-72. 19) Similar to Isings Form 106a. The vertical side, light concave or round bottomed forms of this type are known from the Antonine period, as well as during the 4th century A.D. – From this type, a further conic form was developed which was numbered »106d« by Isings. Isings’ form 106 was not in use before the 4th century. In the west of the Empire, this form always has a cracked off rim and cannot therefore be mistaken for beakers with a rounded rim and vessels with a folded rim. REFERENCES Acara / Olcay 1997: M. Acara / B. Y. Olcay, Bizans Döneminde Aydınlatma Düzeni ve Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi’nde Kullanılan Aydınlatma Gereçleri. Adalya 2, 1997, 249-266. Akat / Fıratlı / Kocabaş 1984: Y. Akat / N. Fıratlı / H. 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ABSTRACT / ZUSAMMENFASSUNG / RÉSUMÉ Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna from the excavation seasons 1997 and 2002-2003 This paper, the first group of excavated artefacts published from the Agora of Smyrna, examines the glass from the excavations of 1997 and 2002-2003. These finds belong to the 3rd to 7th centuries A.D., but mostly from the beginning of the 5th to the mid-7th centuries. They were dated through stratigraphic and numismatic evidence. A typology of nineteen glass forms is presented in this paper; 112 specimens are illustrated and described. After the publication of the Late Roman / Early Byzantine glass vessels from Sardis, Saraçhane, Sagalassus, Elaiussa-Sebaste and Ephesus in Asia Minor, the Agora of Smyrna seems to be a key site in terms of both vessel typology and new dating. Kaiserzeitliches und spätrömisches Glas von der Agora in Smyrna aus den Ausgrabungen der Jahre 1997 und 2002-2003 In diesem Beitrag, der ersten Veröffentlichung archäologischen Fundmaterials aus den Ausgrabungen der Agora von Smyrna, werden die Glasfunde aus den Grabungskampagnen 1997 und 2002-2003 vorgestellt. Diese Funde gehören in das 3. bis 7. Jh. n. Chr.; der Großteil von ihnen stammt aus der Zeit vom Beginn des 5. Jh. bis zur Mitte des 7. Jhs. n. Chr. Die Datierung erfolgt aufgrund der stratigraphischen Kontexte und ist numismatisch abgesichert. In diesem Beitrag werden 19 Typen vorgestellt; 112 Beispiele werden unter Vorlage von Zeichnungen behandelt. Nach den Publikationen zu den spätrömischen bis frühbyzantinischen Glasfunden von Sardis, Saraçhane, Sagalassos, ElaioussaSebaste und Ephesos in Kleinasien erscheint die Agora von Smyrna als attraktive Referenzmöglichkeit für die Gefäßtypologie sowie für neue Datierungen. Le verre du milieu de l’antiquité romaine à l’antiquité tardive de l’agora de Smyrne provenant des fouilles de 1997 et 2002-2003 Dans cette contribution qui publie pour la première fois le matériel d’ensemble de l’Agora de Smyrne, nous avons réuni les objets en verre trouvés lors des campagnes de fouille allant de 1997 à 2002-2003. Le matériel en verre est datable du 3e au 7e siècle ap. J.-C. et la plupart des objets découverts sont compris entre le 5e siècle et le milieu du 7e siècle. La datation du matériel repose sur des données stratigraphiques et numismatiques. Dans cette contribution sont présentées 19 types différentes, parmi lesquelles 112 exemples sont illustrés par un dessin. Après les publications des objets en verre de Sardes, Saraçhane, Sagalassos, Elaioussa-Sebaste et Ephèse en Asie Mineure, qui concernaient une époque allant du romain tardif au début du byzantin, l’intérêt de cette publication de l’Agora de Smyrne est d’apporter des références sur la typologie des vases et de proposer de nouvelles datations. 144 Gürler · Laflı · Middle and Late Roman glass from the Agora of Smyrna PLATE 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Plate 8 Gürler · Laflı · Smyrna, Agora: 1-2 fragments of glass windowpane. – 3 Type XVIII, no. 103. – 4 Glass slag fragment. – 5 Type II, no. 5. – 6 Type XVII, no. 72. – 7 Type XVII, no. 79. – 8 Type XVII, no. 82. – 9 Type XVII, no. 83. – 10 Type XVII, no. 84. – (Photos B. Gürler). B. Zorn · A. Hilgner (eds) Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000 International conference within the scope of the »SinoGerman Project on Cultural Heritage Preservation« of the RGZM and the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, December 11th-12th 2008 RGZM – Tagungen Band 9 (2010) 250 S. mit 206 meist farbigen Abb., 16 Tab. ISBN 978-3-88467-148-1 44,– € Since Antiquity the routes of the so-called Silk Road formed an important network for commercial, cultural and technological exchange and connected the East to the West. Since glass never played a significant role in Far Eastern cultures, glass finds from Far Eastern sites provide evidence for farreaching trade relationships and imply cross-fertilization with other cultures. Thus the contributions in this volume deal with a wide geographical area covering a chronological range from 200 BC to AD 1000. The conference focused on recent results of scientific analyses of glass and on archaeological questions. The possibility of interdisciplinary research was one of the focal points of the conference and hence of this volume, as well as questions concerning workshops, raw material, technology and trade. One goal was to provide the participants with an insight beyond their own immediate concerns. By means of presenting studies of regionally specific glass forms and techniques as well as current methods and discoveries, even when not directly connected to the Silk Road, a broader perspective is offered. Falko Daim · Jörg Drauschke (Hrsg.) Byzanz – das Römerreich im Mittelalter Teil 1 Welt der Ideen, Welt der Dinge Tei 2, 1-2 Schauplätze Teil 3 Peripherie und Nachbarschaft Monographien des RGZM Band 84, 1-3 (2010) zus. 1876 S., 1200 meist farbige Abb. Teil 1 ISBN 978-3-88467-153-5 90,– € Teil 2, 1-2 ISBN 978-3-88467-154-2 170,– € Teil 3 ISBN 978-3-88467-155-9 80,– € Teile 1-3 zusammen 295,– € Zur Ausstellung »Byzanz – Pracht und Alltag« die in Bonn vom 26.2.13.6.2010 sattfand, erscheint im Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums ein dreiteiliger wissenschaftlicher Begleitband. Von seinen Wurzeln in der römischen Spätantike bis zu seinem Niedergang im Jahre 1453 durch die Eroberung der Hauptstadt Konstantinopel war das Byzantinische Reich von einer faszinierenden Vielfalt geprägt. Byzantinische Kultur und Handwerkskunst beeinflussten über die Jahrhunderte nicht nur westeuropäische Gesellschaften. 65 Beiträge internationaler Wissenschaftler gewähren Einblick in die facettenreiche Geschichte, Kunst, Kultur und Archäologie des Byzantinischen Reiches. Aktuelle Forschungsprojekte präsentieren die Hauptstadt Konstantinopel, aber auch andere Plätze des Byzantinischen Reiches wie Pergamon und Ephesos. Ebenso thematisiert werden die Beziehungen des Reiches zu seinen Nachbarkulturen, Alltagsleben sowie prägende Aspekte von Kultur und Gesellschaft. »Byzanz – das Römerreich im Mittelalter« beleuchtet auf einmalige Weise die Vielschichtigkeit der Forschungen zum Byzantinischen Reich und gibt die Möglichkeit, byzantinisch-archäologische Themen in einer interdisziplinären Breite zu behandeln. Englischsprachige Zusammenfassungen der einzelnen Beiträge bieten auch einem internationalen Publikum einen Einblick in die aktuelle Forschungslage. Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2 · 55116 Mainz · Tel.: 0 61 31 / 91 24-0 · Fax: 0 61 31 / 91 24-199 E-Mail: verlag@rgzm.de · RGZM-Onlineshop: www.rgzm.de