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Light on Top of the Black Hill Studies presented to Halet Cambel Karatepe'deki I9ik Halet Cambel'e sunulan yazzlar Derleyenler / Editors Giiven Arsebiik Machteld J. Mellink Ege Yayinlari Istanbul Wulf Scl~irmer Contents / i$indekiler Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ix Various Publications of Halet Cernbcl / Prof Dr . Halet Canihel'e Ait Cesitli Yay~nlar............................................................................ Murat Akman. Martina Sicker-Akman / Ein Haus in Ayaspusu ................................................................................................................ Behin Aksoy / A Brief Sunley of the Halaf Culture Ekrem Akurgal xi I 15 / Classification and Chronolo.qy of the Hattian and Hittite I'eriods in Anatoliun Histoly (2500-1 100 B.C.) ..........................25 Aziz Albek / DT. Halet Cambel ile " F r i ~ aYiik~ekya~lusi'nd~z" .....................................................................................................................35 / The Spouted-lug of the EB I Period .......................................................................................................... ........................39 Ayda Arel / The So.Cal1r.J "Mustafu Paga Touer" on the Bodrum-Halicarnassos P~.ninsula...........................................................................41 Duygu Arisan Gunay / Istanbul Arkeoloji Miizeleri Ar~iz~inJen Schliernann'ln Bir Mektubu ..........................................................................57 Giiven Arsebiik / A Review of the Current Status of Pleistocene Archaeology in Turkey .................................................................................71 Fatma Artunkal / Aurora ...........................................................................................................................................................................77 79 Sara Atabay / Baz~An~lar........................................................................................................................................................................... Nur Balkan-Atli / The Aceramic Neolithic of Central Anatoliu: Recent Finds in the Chipped Stone Industly ..................................................81 Neiih Ba~gelen/ The Celikli-Erzurum Rock-Cut Tomb ................................................................................................................................95 Nezahat Baydur / Attis Kultu we Tarsus'da Bulunmus Attis Terrclkottalar~ ................................................................................................105 Ayse BaykaLSeeher, Jiirgen Seeher / Gefape aus Rlci in der Fruhen Bronze:rit Anutoliens ....................................................................... 115 Serna Baykan / Une Approche d la Typologie Lithiqur de Kumartepe; Un Site Niolithiqlte sur ['Euphrate Turi ...........................................123 Ruth Amiran Erhan B I ~ ~/ AC nI Essay on the Chronoloby of the Pre-pottrly Neolithic Settlements of the East-Taurus Region (Turkey) with the Building Remains lind the 14 C Dates ............................ . .............................................................................................. 137 / Eines karumzeitlicher Stempel und ein Siegelring der Isin ILZeit in Koln .......................................................... 151 / Gedanken zur lykischen Gesellschaftsstruktltr lcnter persischer und attischer Herrschaft ............................................... 155 ....................................................................................................................... 171 Iicia Vlad Borrelli / Homo faber ................................... Eva-Maria Bossert, Franz Fischer / Calclpuerdi, Beobachtungen anlasslish cines Besuchs im lahre 1960 .......................................................177 Robert J . Braidwood, Linda S. Braidwood / A Highly Successful Collegiality ..............................................................................................189 Vivian Broman Morales / Clues from Clay ................................................................................................................................................ 195 lsabella Caneva, C . Lemorini, D. Zampetti / Chipped Stones at Aceramic Cuyonu: Technology, Activities, Traditions, Innovations ................ 199 207 Jacques Cauvin / LLI Ne'olithisation de L'Anatolie ................................................................................................................................ Marie-Claire Cauvin / L'Anatolie, Trrre dlEchanges: L'ObsiJienne Pre'historiqlte et sa Diffusion .................................................................. 215 Muazzei i. Gig / Civiyn:111Belgelrr Ar~iz~i'nin Kuruluy An11ar1 ................................................................................................................. 221 Altan Cilingiroglu / Urartu'du Tapinma we Taplnma Yerleri .................................................................................................................... 229 A. Muhibbe Darga / Geq-Hitit Dinemi Mara~Mezur Stellrrinden Uq Ornek we Gozlemler ........................................................................... 241 Michael K . Davis / Social Differentiation at the Early Village of Cayonu, Turkey ...................................................................................... 257 Refik Duru / Bademugaci Hiyiigti'niin ( K t z ~ l k a ~Ilk a ) Tun$ Cat1 Comlekqiligi we Carkigi lki Musmpa Hlikktnda BUZIDiisiinceler .............. 267 Serra Durugoniil / Nrur Reliefs aus dem Rauhen Kilikien ..........................................................................................................................277 Turan Efe / Cayonu Kemik P.li.tleri (Genel Bir Deierlsndirme) ...................................................................................................................289 H . G6niil Egeli / Die sogenunnten Gefflstander der KarapKultur: Die Funde aus Tepecik .......................................................................... 305 Sirri ErinC / V a n G i l i Seviyesi ve Stkiiler iklin~Degisiklikleri ................................................................................................................... 319 Fiisun Ertug / Orta Anadolu'da Bir Etnoarkeoloji vr Etnobotanik Cal~gmasi............................................................................................... 325 Ufuk Esin / Einige Hinweise :ur Entstehiq der fruhbronzezeitlichen Furstentumer in Anatolien ................................................................. 339 345 Alexander Fol / Controversial Notes ...................................................................................................................................................... Sevil Gulcur / Vom Gott zum Spiel~eug:Die Ticrfiguren z~onTepecik ......................................................................................................... 347 Hans G . Giiterbock / A Visit to Karatepe ............................................................................................................................................... 365 Bozkurt Giiven~/ Ogrermenim Halet Cambel ............................................................................................................................................371 Rolf Hachrnann / Die Graber Jcr Konige uus dem Hnrtsc Daz~id in lerusalem und ihr Totenritual ............................................................ 375 A y ~ eHaznedar Ozkan / Yonm~icTas Alet Cizimi Iqin Notlar ....................................................................................................................395 Rainer Michael Boehmer Jurgen Borchhardt Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon University of Michigan - Museum ot Anthropology (With contrubutions by Andreas Hauptmann, Richard Redding and Willem Van Zeist) I. Introduction Problem Anyone who visits the excavations at Karatepe is immediately impressed by the extraordinary amount of work that the Cambel team has devoted to very eroded and dificult deposits. The fruits of such patience, however, are here for all to see in the magisterial publication on the reliefs from this important Neo-Hittite site. These labors stand as a reminder of the need to document even the most poorly preserved or smallest of sites, lest we lose critical opportunities to huild and evaluate new knowledge of the past. This contribution deals with a very modest site, but one which has proved to be relevant to one of the central problems of cultural evolution in the Near East, the development of specialized systems of econotnic production and distribution. In such systems, an individual, a small social group such as a family, or a n entire community, produces certain items for a larger community. It is common to term such economic development "urbanism" (though 'urbanism' has other meanings as well), and to look for evidence of it in the archaeological remains of uiban centers, those central settlements we call 'towns' and 'cities.' Such a strategy ignores the logical necessity that urban systems must be regional systems, that if certain production activities are the focus of people or groups in some places, then the things which these people or groups consume but do not produce, must he produced by somebody else, very likely in another place. In particular, if the Chalcolithic period -now dated from the sixth to fourth millennia before our era- in southwest Asia witnessed increased size and more specialization in towns, then it should also wimess increasing specialization in small rural cominunities (Schwartz and Falconer, 1994). W i t h thought of documenting such ruralization, when other more ~nunificentlysupported teams were selecting large and impressive town sites in richer parts of the Keban Reservoir salvage area, the Museurn of Anthropology chose a very small hoyiik in a quiet corner of the Upper Euphrates Valley. Though circumstances limited the time and resources that could be allocated to this site, the results are surprising and useful. Project Background Prior to 1966, few archaeologists had directed their attention to the Upper Euphrates in general and the area now covered by the Keban Resewoir in particular (Hauptmann, 1969/70). Among the few earlier visitors, only one had visited the large mound of Asvan, in the valley below our site (Kiikten, 1947). I n 1967 an intensive survey of sites marked by accumulated mounds of cultural debris was undertaken by a joint team from Istanbul University and the University of Michigan under the direction of Siinmez Kantman and Robert Whallon. Support was provided by the two Universities, by M.E.T.U., hy the Ford Foundation, and by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grants G S 1618 and GS 3025). About 323 km2 was surveyed in various parts of the 680 km2 scheduled tor inundation. Near the village of Asvan, 28 km2 was intensively suweyed, with much of the landscape being covered on foot (Whallon, 1979). The tract extended along the left or southeast hank of the branch of the Euphrates called the Murat Su, three km above and below Asvan, and five km to the southeast up into the hilly margins of the valley. In the course of this careful examination, seven mounds were recorded. In a small valley high in the hills, the survey team recorded a small mound numbered N52/3 in the files of the survey. No local person volunteered a name for the site, so it was initially called 'Adsiztepe' or "Nameless mound." Later, it was learned that the site was called 'Kalecik,' meaning "little fort." T o distinguish it fron-~many other mounds called 'Kalecik,' 776 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon the name of the nearest village was prefixed, and the site is known as 'Fatmali-Kalecik.' The occurrence of several earlier types of pottery on the surface of the site made it particularly interesting as a test case for 'systematic surface collection' (Whallon, 1979: 165168). The sounding of 1969 (Whallon and Wright, 1972) was designed in part to test the site formation model based o n this systematic surface study, discussed below. Survey Evidence of Fatmali-Kalecik This site is at an elevation of approximately 850 m above sea level, at about 39" 30' East Longitude and 38" 40' N Iatitude. T o the north and west of the site, small valleys, rich with springs, drop down through the Pleistocene terraces of the Murat Su to the narrow valley around modern Asvan. T o the south are high hills of metamorphosed limestones and schists, but to the southeast there is a level plain developed into Eocene flysch (Baykal and Erentoz, 1966;Wagstaff, 1973), by which travelers can easily reach the plain of Alhnova, on which were located many of the largest pre- and proto-historic sites of the region. Prehistoric farmers living at Fatmall-Kalecik would have been able to irrigate gardens and orchards below the springs, dry farm or graze herds on the level plain, and graze, cut wood, and hunt o n the hills (Figure I). Today, with 350-500 mm or more of precipitation during the Winter and Spring four years out of five, poor harvests are rare and dry farming is quite reliable, and the land around Fatmali-Kalecik is heavily cultivated and grazed. There are few remnants of natural vegetation. W i t h even more rainfall during middle Holocene times in this part of the Taurus Mountains (van Zeist and Bottema, 1991), however, we would expect a forest cover, predominantly of oak and juniper. The presence of quantities of charcoal, particularly in the lower Early Chalcolithic layers of the site, supports this suggestion. The mound of Fatmali-Kalecik is almost circular, measuring a maximum of 100 m from east to west and 92 meters from north to south. About 40 m to the northwest is a small spring. From the highest surviving point o n the mound to the natural soil, was 3.9 m. The site was fully cultivated both at the time of the survey and the time of excavation. The systematic survey utilized a strategy termed a "randomized circular grid." O n a plan of the site, concentric circles were drawn, each one 4 tneters greater than the receding circle and defining a band. The area of each band was calculated and expressed as a fraction of the total site area. Ten percent of the total site area, or 48 four-by-four meter squares, were then distributed among the concentric bands so that the number of squares assigned to each band was proportional to the fraction of total site area covered by each band. Every artifact in each square was then picked up, bagged, washed, marked, and analyzed. There were two comnlon ceramic wares: (1) a thicker ware with crushed rock inclusions, usually Ared gray or brown and often burnished, and (2) a thinner ware with chopped straw inclusions, ~isuallyfired red or cream and sometinles burnished. Mapping the distributions of these two wares in the systematic surface survey revealed that sherds of the former ware occurred over most of the site, while sherds of the latter were concentrated o n the southern and eastern edges of the site (Figure 2) (Whallon, 1979:168, figs. 64, 65). This suggested that a larger early occupation using the dark ware with rock inclusions measured 90-100 m in diameter, while a smaller later occupation using the cream ware with straw inclusions measured only 35-40 m by 75-80 in. However, when this initial analysis was done, there was n o ceramic sequence for the region, and we could not be certain which ware was earlier. Description of the Excavation W e had planned an excavation of several weeks, sampling various parts of the site. However, delays in the issuing of the permit -finally overcome as a result of the intervention of Halet Cambel and Necat Erem- left us with only a few days for fieldwork. Excavation was conducted from 8 to 13 August 1968. The field team was composed of Henry Wright, field director; John D. Speth and James Springer, trench supen~isors;Daniel G. Bates, translator, and Guner Hakklbeyoglu of the Buyiik Millet Meclisi Miizesi in Ankara, representative of the Department of Antiquities. Since the primary objective was the evaluation of the systematic surface survey, we laid out a trench ten meters long and one meter wide, oriented slightly west Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley I of north. In order to provide for a deep sounding to natural soil, we expanded the northernmost two meters of the trench westward an additional meter. We were able to carry not only part of this two by two meter square to natural soil, but also part of the southernmost end of the trench. The area and thickness of soil volumes were recurdecl, and all debris was screened through 0.62 cm mesh. Flotation samples and soil samples were taken to search for floral remains. II. Stratigraphy and Features Stratigraphy The mound of Fatmall-Kalecik sits o n a surface of sandy silt with lenses of pebbles and no evident soil formation. Charcoal fragments in this natural layer m3y result from clearing and cultivation prior to occupation. The 76 cxcavated volullles can be allocated to 36 discrete depositional units or loci, which are presented in Table 1. The units are numbered in a single series, with a letter prefix indicating which part of the trench, and therefore on which part of the section (Figurc 3) they can be lound. The occupational history revealed in our trench, which is only a small window into the stratigraphic complexities of the mound, can be summarized as follows. The natural surface (A1 , F13) of the spur of the plain on which the site was established slopes gently northward toward the spring. The first occupation was a series of finely stratified gray silt surfaces with lenses of ash and charcoal (A2). Above this was dumped a midden (A3) sloping down from an area of occupation buildup to the north. This was followed by slowly deposited slope debris (A4), and then morc midden (A5) which is definitely articulated with a small stolle footing (Feature I l ) , slope deposit (A6), more midden (A7), more slope deposit and midden (A8), articulated with another stone footing not visible in the section (Feature lo), and yet more slope deposit (A9). Deposit A8 and everything above it in the north enci of the trench - more than a meter helow the present surface - has many rodent burrows. Above this was a massive deposit of collapsed mud brick with lenses of silt and midden (AlO), probably resulting from several reconstructions of a building to the north. This was covered by a dark brown silt layer (Bl I), perhaps occupation debris from the recon- 777 structed building or perhaps a buried soil horizon. This was in turn covered to the south by offlapping slope deposit (B12), the latest deposits in the north part of the trench which contain almost exclusively heavy grit-tempered Early Chalcolithic ceramics. Though we have no direct stratigraphic connection between these deposits and those revealed in the deep probe in h e southernn~ostend of the trench, we can at least outline this sequence and suggest some correlations. In the south, the first occupation left some slope deposit with charcoal (F14), perhaps to be correlated with A2-A4. This was followed by a deposit with midden material (F15), perhaps correlated with A5-A7. This was followed by more slope deposit, capped with a compact surface with pebbles (F16), perhaps to he correlated with A8-B11. All the layers in the southern probe below this pebble cap have almost exclusively Early Chalcolithic ceramics. The pebble cap probably represents an abandonment lasting several centuries (see below). Immediately above the pebble cap is a midden (F17) which is the oldest well-preserved deposit with the cream-colored, chaff-faced Late Chalcolithic ceramics. Above this, a slope deposit (F18) and midden with collapsed mud brick (F19) were laid down. The area was then leveled, a mud brick building (Feature 8) was built, and its floor packed with broken brick fragments (F20). A thin floor deposit with charcoal lenses (F21) was followed by a layer of collapsed brick (F22). The brick heap was leveled 08, and another mud brick building, represented by a wall (Feature 7), was built. Its floor deposit and lower mud brick collapse were taken out as a single unit (F24). Its upper mud brick collapse was re~noved separately (F25). The rubble heap just north of the Feature 8 building was cut by a pit (Feature 9) which was filled with debris (F23). It is unclear whether the Feature 9 pit was later than and cuts the wall of Feature 7, or whether it was fortuitously located where the door through Feature 7 was later placed. After the leveling of' Feature 7, a wall trench was cut to the north (F26), and a massive stone footing (Feature 1) was constructed. A slightly smaller parallel wall (Feature 2) was constructed 1.8 m to the north. O n a compacted surface between the two walls a relatively clean silt was laid down (D28, D29), another ephemeral surface was created perhaps just by trampling, and more clean silt (D30) was laid 778 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon down. These may simply be a packing of clean silt or pis6 filling a massive stone-faced wall along the south edge of the mound. The sediments were too weathered and our work was too limited to be certain. T o the south, or outside of this feature, was a midden with a number of smashed jars (F27). Inside, to the north, was another midden (B31) and fill (B 32). Features Our small sounding revealed p o r t i o ~ ~ofs five architectural features and one pit. They are discussed below from oldest to youngest. Two of the architectural features were built during the Early Chalcolithic occupation. - Stone footing (Feature 11, Unit A5). This footing of angular stones 15-20 cm in length, runs roughly east-west along the northernmost side of the trench. The section shows what may be an eroded remnant of mud brick on this footing. The wall was more than 0.30 m thick. - Stone footing (Feahlre 10, Unit A8). This possible footing of angular stones 10-15 cm in length, running roughly northeast-southwest, is just exposed in thc northwestern corner of the trench. A n eroded remnant of mud brick o n this footing was noted in plan. Thickness is unknown. Three other architectural features and the pit were built during the Latc Chalcolithic occupation. 8, Units F20-22). This substantial, roughly east-westwall was built of light brown mud bricks measuring approximately 0.28-0.25 x 0.14 x 0.07-0.08 m. These bricks were laid directly o n a leveled surface, without a wall trench. The first course was probably laid as two stretchers (edge-to-edge), the second laid as four headers (end-to-end) the third as stretchers and a fourth, badly preserved, as headers. The resulting wall was about 0.70 meters thick. A packing of one layer of brick fragments was laid sout11 of the wall inside the building, and a mud floor placed over this. No wall plaster was evident. - Mud brick wall stub (Feature - Mud brick wall stub (Feature 7, Unit F24-25). This modest cast-westwall was built of light hrown mud bricks, at least one of which was partly fired, measuring 0.28 x 0.14 x 0.08 m. These bricks were also laid directly o n a leveled surface, without a wall trench. 'fie bonding and thickness are unclear, and no plaster is evident. The section shows a rounded depressio~labout 0.90 n~ in Icngth, centered about 12.45 m south of this wall, and a layer of rounded pebbles centered about 2.15 m south of this wall, and southwest of the r o u ~ d e ddepression. It is not clear, however, whether these small features are inside or outside of this wall. - Pit (Feature 9, Unit F23). This pit was first evident at a depth of 1.10 m below the level of the floor of the Feature 7 building, but it may have originated from a higher surface and cut away much of Feature 7. When first defined, the pit was oval, about 1.10 m north-south and perhaps 1.40 m eastwest. W e did not attempt to reach the bottom of this pit. 1 and 2, D28-30). This complex feature is composed of two major parallel stone walls running roughly east-west, and several other features. The larger southern footing was built in a shallow wall trench (F26) with large angular boulders, each 0.70-.80 m in length. This footing is roughly 0.95 m wide. Two courses survive, but loose rubble above them suggests that higher courses have been removed by recent farmers. Boulders of this wall are visible at least four meters to the west and two meters to the east of our trench. The smaller northern footing was built with large angular boulders each 0.40-.50 m in length. This footing is roughly 0.50 m wiJe. There is a roughly north-south extension or buttress extending north of this northern footing, visible in the east section. Two courses also survive, but loose rubble above these suggests that higher courses have been removed recently. Between the two major walls, in a space 1.8 m wide, is a n irregular nortll-south line of stones o n a compacted surface or floor. If the major walls defined rooms, this could have been the footing of a light wall between two rooms. If the major footings were two faces of a large wall, this line could be a division between deposits of fill. The fill o n the working surfaces is remarkably clean, and there arc n o internal feahires or fallen mud bricks. These attributes are more consistent with the idea that this is a massive stone-faced wall on the south side of the mound, - Massive stone footing (Feahlres u Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chnlcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley rather than a line of rooms. Whether it extended around the mound is not known. Other numbered features (3, 4, 5, and 6) were concentrations of sherds, fallen mud bricks, or stones not articulated with other features, and not meriting further discussion. Absolute Chronology Fatmalt-Kalecik and the related site of Komcutepe, o n the Alt~nova50 km ESE (van Loon, 1978), have produced a number of samples of Chalcolithic charcoal adequate for conventional radiocarbon age determinations (Table 2). Of the Early Chalcolithic samples, the one excavated at Korucutepe, and associated with a Halaf sherd, is from the late VIth millennium B.C. The one recovered from an Early Chalcolithic hearth exposed by deep plowing at Fatmall-Kalecik in 1967 is from the turn of the VIth millennium. T h e one excavated from Locus A7, and a short distance above a probable 'Ubaid sherd (A5: Fig. 4n), is from later in the first half of the Vth millennium B.C. These indicate that the Early Chalcolithic at Fatmall-Kalecik is from very late in the VIth millennium and early in the Vth millennium B.C. All the Late Chalcolithic samples are from Korucu, the relevant layers at Fatmall-Kalecik being too weathered and rodent-disturbed to produce acceptable samples. These indicate a date at the turn of the Vth millennium, which is in keeping with other dated sites from the beginning of the Late Chalcolithic, such as H a ~ n a met-Turkman (van Loon, 1988). If FatmaliKalecik does indeed date to this time, then our contention based o n the geology that several cenhiries intervened between the two Chalcolithic occupations at the site is supported. I l l . Material Remains O u r record of the artifacts from Fatmali-Kalecik is that of the notes we made in 1968. Had we access to the samples, we would record many additional features, such as weights, measures, and evidence of use. Fominately, our notes have precise artifact counts and drawings. 779 Ceramics Three distinctive sets of recurring inclusions, colors, and other features distinguish three ceramic 'wares.' - Dark Grit-tempered Ware has inclusions of much coarse crushed igneous rock (usually 1-1.5 mm, but ranging u p to 3 mm in length) and some chopped vegetal material. The body sherds range continuously from 0.4 to 1.2 cm in thickness. The body and surface colors range from dark gray to brown to, rarely, buff. Surfaces are almost always burnished, and some vessels are highly polished, though the graphite-coated surfaces found at Altlnova sites are rare at Fatmalt-Kalecik. The vessels of this ware appear to have been hand built with patches of clay. O n e overfired sherd (A10) suggests potting of burnished grit-tempered vessels at Fatmall-Kalecik. The vessel shapes are few and simple. Most are deep open bowls, both large (Figure 4a-f, h , Figure 5b, d) and small (Figure 4i-1, Figure 5e-h), with slightly flared sides and slightly tapered, rounded lips. Some bowls with multiple perforations were probably used as strainers or sieves (Figure 40). There are a few shallow (Figure 4m, Figure 5a) or restricted bowls (Figure 4g). There are a few restricted jars, both larger (Figure 5i-j) and smaller (Figure 4p, Figure 5k-p) usually with slightly flared necks and rounded lips, but sometimes with thickened lips (Figure 5p). Lugs and nodes are fairly common appendages, often o n deep bowls (Figure 4a-d, Figure 5d). Applique strips occur around the girth of the bowls, sometimes decorated with vertical cuts at irregular intervals (Figure 4e, f, Figure 5d). The only other decorations are an impressed herringbone design (Figure 41) or fingernail imprints (Figure 5g-h) o n small, deep bowls. 15% chopped vegetal inclusions. This is probably herbivore dung rather than actual "chaff" (the glumes and rachises of threshed grain). Some vessels have small calcite inclusions. The body sherds are of two thickness modes: either 0.6 to 1.0 cm or 1.8 to 2.0 cm. Their body color ranges from brown to cream, with cores sometimes slightly gray. Surface colors range from red to light brown or buff to cream. Surfaces are wet smoothed, but never slipped, and sometimes - Cream Chaff-faced Ware has up to 780 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon lightly burnished. The larger vessels are probably hand built, but some small bowls show signs of rotary turning. Many sherds, including the illustrated reconstructed jar (Figure 7 4 , show the marks of shaving with a scraper. The occurrence of a ceramic ring scraper (Figure 6n) -a type first illustrated by die Braidwoods in the Late Chalcolithic Amuq Phase F (Braidwood and Braidwood, 1960: fig. 212:5 ) and interpreted as a ceramic manufacturing tool by John Alden (1988)- indicates potting at Fa tmall-Kalecik. The vessel shapes are diverse. Among the open bowls are those with round lips, tlattened lips (Figure 6a, b), tapered lips (Figure 6c), and interior rim bands (Figure 6d) or thickening (Figure 60, but open bowls with exterior rim thickening or "beading" (Figure 6g, i-m) are predominant. A miniahire bowl has a red slip (Figure 60). Rare restricted bowls also have beaded rims (Figure 6h). Simple restricted jars include those with simple rims (Figure 7a-c), one with painted decoration and a spout (Figure 7b), and one with an exterior band or ledge (Figure 7d). Amcng the conlplex restricted forms are jars with straight or flared necks and either simple or slightly thickened round lips (Figure 7e-h), one ofwhich had a spout (Figure 70. Also notable are jars with usually straight necks and flattened, either simply beveled (Figure 8 a-c) or thickened and flattened rims (Figure 8 d-e), externally thickened or "beaded" rims (Fikwre 81, g), and heavily rounded rims (Figure 8h-I), some of which have a distinctive groove o n the inner neck (Figure 83-1). O n e of the latter is very large (Fig 8 1). Round bases are attested o n both jars and bowls. T h e only decorations noted on the Chaff-faced Ware are geometric motifs painted in red, brown, or black paint (Figure 8ni-o) o n vessels of unknown form. an import from 'Ubaid settlements in the foothills; if so, this supports the early Vth millennium date proposed for the Early Chalcolithic occupation. Technical study of this sherd is a n important futu re task. Flaked Stone Both obsidian and finer flints or cherts were used to strike flakes and blades. Identification of the sources of these stones has not yet been possible. Fragments and exhausted examples of both blade cores and discshaped or amorphous flake cores of both materials were noted. Obsidian flakes, blades, and blade segments (Figure 9a-b, d , g-k) were used as is, but were sometimes also maile into endscrapers (Figure 90, possible burins (Figure 91), or diverse truncated or retouched pieces (Figure 91n-r). Many pieces presently identified simply as "retouched," would perhaps be classifiable into recognizable types w ~ t ha larger Sample. A small stemmed projectile point from a Late Chalcolithic context (F23: Figure 9s) is the most distinctive item recorded. Flint flakes were used without modification or retouched o n one or two edges to create scrapers (Figure 10a, b, h). Flint blade segments were used as is, or often with some edge retouch (Figure 10c-e, j, k), some exhibiting sickle gloss (Figure 10c, j, k). Blades were also made into endscrapers (Figure 10f-g) and perforators (Figure 10i). O n e piece may be an unusually manufactured geometric microlith (Figure 1 0 1). Pebbles and fragments of coarse-grained cherts, quartzites, and basalt were flaked to produce rough choppers. Though choppers were found only on the surface, sharpening flakes were fairly common. Metal and related materials from Fatmall-Kalecik (Contributed by Andreas Hauptmann) - Fine Ware has either very fine sand or n o evident inclusions. The body sherds are only 0.2 to 0.5 cm thick. They are oxidized all the way through, either very light gray or buff. The surfaces are smoothed and sometimes lightly burnished. There are n o rims, and we cannot assess manufacture or vessel shape. O n e sherd, from an Early Chalcolthic locus (A5: Figure 4n) with traces of a painted design of bands, cross-hatching, and a wavy band, is perhaps Except for a single piece of slag and o n e piece of possible copper ore, items resulting from the smelting and working of metal were restricted to the Late Chalcolithic deposits. Preliminary study indicates that slags from the manufacture of arsenical copper bronze and lead are present. Most important are a number of pieces of litharge, indicating the cupellation of lead to separate the silver by the early IVth millennium R.C. 4 Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley , This is concordant with evidence of cupellation and silver artifacts from contemporary Norsuntepe and Korucutepe (Brandt, 1978: 61-62) on the Altlnova. The locativn of this early occurrence is not surprising as the village of Keban, formerly 'Giimiismaden' or 'silver mine,' with silver-rich lead deposits is only 27 km to the southwest of Fatmall-Kalecik (Baykal and Erentoz, 1966:98), but its early date is remarkable. Other Artifacts Flat mortars or metates are represented hy fragments, predominantly of vesicular basalt. A few are of sandstone. A circular slate pebble has small pits on both sides, possibly fro111 a perforation in process (A6: Figure 10m). Fine stone itcms include beacls (Figure 10q-s), a piece of a rectangular calcite vessel with an incised design (B32: Figure lop), and a possible calcite vessel rim (F2 1). IV. Plant and Animal Remains Plant Remains from Fatmall-Kalecik (Contributed by Willem van Zeist) Eight samples of dried soil, five frorn Early Chalcolithic contexts and three from Late Chalcolithic con texts, were processed by water flotation. Carbonized material removed with a tea strainer was dried and sent to Gron~ngenfor identification. In general, the seeds were poorly presrnrecl, but some identifications were possible. These identifications are presented in Table 3. I n addition, charcoal collected by hand from eight units, one from an Early Chalcolithic context and seven from Late Chalcolithic contexts, was identified. Fir111 e\7idetlce of cultl\~ateclplants is confined to cereals. One seed fragment (Lguminosar i n k ) may be of a cultivated legume. The identification of the wheat grains was hanlpered by poor preservation. O n e grain could be attributed definitely to emmer wheat (Triticum d~coccum).Moreover, three samples yielded chaff (spikelct forks and glurrle bases) of hulled wheat, most likely emmer wheat. I n addition to hulled wheat, free-threshing bread wheat and/or hard wheat (Triticum aestiuum/durum) was probably cultiva ted. 781 Most of the other taxa recovered could have occurred as weeds in arable fields and other disturbed habitats. These taxa are frequently recorded from ancient Near Eastern settlement sites. Scirpus maritimus (sea clubrush) is a marsh plant. The species may have been brought to the site for nlatting or bedding. A sample such as 073 with predominantly cereal grains is likely to have been human food residue. A sample such as 057 with many small weed seeds could be materials consumed by sheep or goats and introduced into the settlement by the burning of dung. Sample 054 consists predominantly of chaffthe remains of dellusking emmer wheat, a treatment usually done on a piecemeal basis prior to food preparation. With so few sarnples resulting from such a diversity of origins, percentages or ubiquity indices of the different taxa would be ~nisleading. The wood charcoal samples are, as one would expect, almost exclusively oak (Quercus sp.), which still occurs on the hills around the site. The one sample of elm (Lilmus sp. from unit 063), a tree more likely to occur in lower, wetter areas near streams, might have been found not far from the site by one of the springs. None, however, survive in the area today. These limited samples are withln the range of variability in Chalcolithic samples from contemporary Korucutepr o n the Altinova Plain to the east (van Zeist and Bakker-Heeres, 1975). The clry-farming of grain appears to have been the main focus of plant husbandry at Fatmall-Kalecik throughout its occupancy, as it was in the area until recently (Hillman, 1973a, b). Animal Remains from Fatmal (Contributed by Richard W. Redding) The faunal remains of Fatmall Kalcclk were studied in 1969, under the guidance of Kent V. Flannery. The notes taken in 1969 lack the sophistication of those that I now record on a faunal sample, hut the basic data were recorded and the sample is adequate to provide infornlation on the Chal~olithiceconomy of this small rural site in central Anatolia. In this report I will use NISP (number of identified specimens) to quantify the abundance of each tmon (Table 4). Further, NISPs will be used to estimate rel- 782 Heriry T. Wright, Robert Whallon ative abundance by calculating species ratios for the major taxa (Table 5). 1 did not calculate MNI's (minimum number of individuals) and will not use them. Unfortunately, although some measurements were used to make identifications, no measurements were recorded. litliic. A ratio of between 5 and 10:l is usually indicative of settlements involved in mixed agriculture and herding (Redding, 1981 ; 1984). T h e ratios of the Earliest Chalcolithic and the beginning of the Late Chalcolithic do not fit this pattern. The most likely explanation is small sample size. In this analysis I have grouped the excavation loci in- I was only able to estimate the relative importance of to six sub-phases. These include: sheep and goats at Fatmall-Kalecik for the entire sample. Of the 171 sheep-goat fragments ten could be identified to genus: six represent the goat, Capra hircus, and four represent the sheep, Ovis aries. O n e of the goat fragments is a horn core and, since domestic sheep tend to be hornless, must be excluded when calculating a ratio of sheep to goats. Hence, the ratio of sheep to goats fragments is 0.8:l. This ratio represents consumption. I t reflects the ratcs at which sheep versus goat bones are entering the deposits. Since reproductive rates are different for the two taxa the sheep/goat ratio in the animal population being exploited will be different. Sheep poducc 0.8 lambs/ e ~ e / ~ e aand r goats produce 1.2 kids/doe/year (Redding, 1981). These figures applied to the consumption ratio yield a sheep to goat ratio in the population of 1.2:l. This ratio is a little high to be indicative of concentration on agriculture production, and is probably indicative of mixed herding and farming (Redding, 1981; 1984), although the high number of goats is ~musual. I ) Earliest Chalcolithic: Loci A1 -3 2) Early Chalcolithic: Loci A4-7 and F14-15 3) End of the Early Chalcolithic: Loci A8-10, 81112, and F16 4) Beginning of the Late Chalcolithic: Loci F17-19 5) Middle of the Late Cl~alcolithic:Loci F20-25 6) End of the Late Chalcolithic: h c i F26-27, D2830, and B31-32 Sincc the samples for each sub-phase are small, in some cases very small, I have had to group sub-phases in order to examine some variables that provide inforniation on animal management tactics. The Sample and Taxa The excavations at Fatmali-Kalecik yielded 426 fragments, of which 261 were assigned to taxa. All of the material recovered represented mamlnals - no fish, re~tile.or bird fragments were identified in the sample. This is most likely due to the small sample size. t , L . Ouis-Capra - Bone fragments that could be identified as sheep or goat dominate the sample. Sheep/goats are represented in the sample by 171 fragments. Only one horn core fragment was recovered and it was from a domestic goat. It is likely that all of the sheep and goats were domestic. Information on management practices for flocks of domcstic sheep and goats can be derived froin the ratio of sheep and goats to other domestic taxa, the ratio of sheep to goats, the age structure of the animals consumed, and the percentage of limb frag~~lerlts that are from non-meat bearing elements. Thc ratio of sheep/goats to cattle and to pigs tor each sub-phase is provided in Table 5. The ratio of sheep and goats to cattle is relatively constant, between 6.0: 1 and 6.8: 1, for all sub-phases except the Earliest Chalcolithic and the Beginning of the Late Chalco- The age structure of the population of sheep and goats that were consumed can b r estimated by grouping the fusion data for h l r ~phases, Early Chalcolithic and Late Chalcolithic. For the Early Chalcolithic eight fragments provide data o n age: four phalanges, two fused and two unfused; two proximal feiiiurs, both unfused; and two distal metapodials, one unfused and one fused. If each of these fragments came horn a different sheep or goat then two animals were less than 16 months and one was less than 24 months while two were definitely older than 16 months and only one older than 24 months. For the Late Chalcolithic five fragments provide data o n agc: two distal humeri, one unfused and one fused; one phalanx, unfused; and, two distal metapodials, both unfused. Again, if each of these fragments came from a different sheep or goat, then one animal was dcfi nitely less than 10 months of age, one less than 1 6 months and two less than 24 months, while only one q Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalrolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley animal is definitely older than 10 months. These data on age structure suggest that the Early and Late Chalcolithic villagers preferred tc) butcher animals less than 24 months old. If sheep and goats are being butchered on the ate, then fragments should be entering the deposits in about the proportion they occur in the skeleton. Given this assumption the expected percentage of limb fragments coming from non-meat bearing bones is about 70%. The Early Chalcolithic phase yielded 1 5 meat bearing and 25 non-meat bearing limb fragments, hence 62% of the limb fragments come from non meat bcaring bones. Tht. Late Chalcolithic phase yielded 7 meat bearing and 1 3 non-meat-bearing limb fragments, hence, 65% of the limb fragments corne fioin non-meat bearins bones. These nunlbcrs indlcate that sheep and goats were butchered o n the site. Sus scrofa - The pig is the second most abundant taxon, being reprcsented by 48 fragrnents recovered in the excavations. None of thc fragments were Ineasurable, but most appear to be in the size range of domeshc pigs. However, two distal limb fragments, an astragalus with butchering marks and a first phalanx from a br~ckconstruction unit not included in the tables, were large enough to be from a wild individual. Pigs are absent in the Earliest Chalcolithic loci and the ratio of pigs to cattle is low, 0.25:1, in the Early Chalcollthic (Table 5). This suggests that pigs were not important in these sub-phases. Pig bone fragments are about twice as common as cattle in the othcr sub-phases except in the Beglnnlng of the Late Chalcolithic. Thc lower level of pig in the latter is most likely due to snlall sample size. Five limb fragmenth in the Fatmall-Kalecik sample provide data o n fusion and, hence, age struchlre: three unfused distal metapodials, an unfused first phalanx, and a fused first phalanx. Since these elements fuse at about 24 months, we have evidence of only one animal living beyond two years. Bos taurus - Cattle are represented in the excavations by 32 bone fragments. None of the fragments were measurable but all appear to be w i t h ~ nthe size range of domestic cattle. The relative abundance of cattle to sheep/goats and pigs was discussed above. In all subphases cattle were much less important than these other taxa, suggesting that the residents of FatmallKalecik were not involved primarily in agriculture but 783 were using a strategy of agriculture n~ixeclwith herding. Only one limb fragment, an unfused distal metapodial, provides any data o n age structure. The samof limb fragments for all sub-phases includes 8 meat bearing and 12 non-meat-bearing fragments. The percentage of non-meat-bearing fragments in the sample of limb fragments is 60%. This is a little less than the expected 70%, but considering the sample slze the difference is not noteworthy. Canis sp. - Four fragments in the Fatmall-Kalecik samples could be referred to the genus Canis. These fragments were recovered from Early and Late Chalcolithic loci. No nlandibles or maxillae were recovered but it likely that these four fragments represent the dog, C. fcimiliciris. Three bone fragments in the Fatmali-Kalecik sample exhibited evidence of dog gnawing. Vulpes sp. - A fox, probably the red fox, V. e~ulpes,is represented by two distal limb elements in one unit in an Early Chalcolithic locus. Meles meles - A badger is represented hy a single molar tooth from a locus of the end of the Early Chalcolithic. Le~uscapensic - The hare is represented in the excavations by three fragments. These three fragments arc from loci of the Early Chalcolithic and end of Earlv Chalcolithic (Table 4). Also, interestingly, all three fragments are from the same element, the distal tibia. O n e of these distal tibiae was modified and used as a tool. Rodentia - A single limb fragment from a medium, rat-sized rodent was recovered froin a late Early Chalcolithic locus. It could not be identified to genus. Summary and conclusion The faunal remains from Fatrnali-Kalecik present a picture of a village involved in agriculture and herding. The relative numbers of sheep, goats, and cattle indicate that the area around the vlllage had both agricultural fields and open areas for pasture. The area was not heavily farmed. Sheep and goats were herded around the site with the number of beep slightly exceeding the number of goats In the flocks. The goal of the herders seems to have been maximizing herd security: i.e., they were trying to minimize fluctuations i n yields from the flock. Sheep and goats were 784 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon butchered and consulned locally. Domestic pigs were consumed and undoubtedly supplemented meat consulnption from the herds of sheep, goat, and cattlc. They were probably maintained in the village by individual households. Cattle were present around the site in relatively low numbers. They were probably kept primarily for milk production or traction. This summary applies to the End of the Early Chalcolithic, the Middle of the Latc Chalcolithic and the End of the Late Chalcolithic. The Earliest Chalcolithic and the Early Chalcolithic also seem to be involved in mixed farming and herding but the absence of pigs in these sub-phases may indicate that the occupants of Fatmall-Kalecik at these times were more mobile; perhaps part of the population was seasonally nomadic. The relative abundance of sheep, goat, cattle, and pigs in the Beginning of the Late Chalcolithic units also does not At the pattern described above. However, the sample size for the units comprising this sub-phase is extremely small. Until we have larger samples I am not willing to assume that the subsistence tactics employed by the earliest Late Chalcolithic occupants of Fatn~all-Kalecikdiffered from those of earlier and later sub-phases. The summary of the fauna at Fatmah-Kalecik povided above must be viewed as very tentative. As noted throughout this report all the conclusions are based o n a very small sample size. However, given this caveat the pattern exhibited by the fauna is consistent. The states of the variables that provide data on subsistence tactics for sheep and goats, cattle and pig do not provide contradictory information. This demonstrates the power of an approach to faunal analysis that is based on developing and testing the predictions of models of animal use. V. Distributional Analysis The artifacts recovered from the Fatmall-Kalecik excavations initially were divided into quite fine and detailed categories, so that various nuances in their quantitative distributiot~sand associations might be detected. This was done with the idea of eventuallv recombining many or most of these categories into larger, more general and useful ones which were internally consistent in both their typological and their archaeological significance (Table 6). The counts tabulated for all depositional loci were converted into denslties (number per m3)in order to retnove the unwanted effects of variation in the size of our excavation units from the comparative analysis of artifact frequencies. A first general overview of the data indicated that a number of artifact categories showed significant variations in their frequencies of occurrence within the excavated pvrtion of the site. Some of these differences were expected on typological and chronological grounds, such as the striking differential distribution of Dark Grit-tempered Ware vs. Cream Chaff-faced Ware, but others were somewhat of a surprise. Several categories of material appeared uniformly prc sent throughout the excavated depobita and had littlc further to tell us about either chronological or functional variability in the excavated area. The remaining categories were examined for significant chronological differences, based in the first instance on tile clear stratigraphical break in the depositional sequence between earlier and later Chalcolithic deposits, indicated in one part of the stratigraphy by the pebble cap of Locus F16, which most likely signals a period of abandonment of this site (see above). The results of this quantitative study of the chronological distributions of the Fatmall-Kalecik ceramics were most interesting, not the least for their significance in refining our pottery typologies for the range of time. Cream Chaff-faced Ware All varieties of Cream Chaff-faced Ware (oxidized or reduced; red or buff; thin, medium, or thick; bowl, jar, or beaded rim bowl) were positively associated with each other both chronologically and among all the loci of their occurrence. They occur virtually exclusively in the later depositional history of this site, with only a trace in Loci A9 and A10, where they must represent a very slight admixture of late deposits in these essentially early deposits. In the later deposits, to which these ceramics basically appear restricted, they cotlstitute normally between 12% and over 50% of all pottery, averaging close to 3096, being, thus, a diagnostic ware for the Late Chalcolithic period. Investigations a1 Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcc~ l i t h i cHamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley Dark Grit-tempered Ware The Dark Grit-tempered Ware, however, exhibits quite different trends of distribution over time, depending o n its specific varieties of firing, surface treatment, and form. In general, oxidized and burnished or polished varieties show no differential association with either earlier o r later occupations at Fatmall-Kalecik -with the exception of certain decorative elements and of vessel forms that can be identified from n m sherds. Bowl rims and small bowl rims are significantly associated with the Early Chalcolithic period of occupation, as arc the distinctive applique strips decorated with vertical cuts. Jar rims, o n the other hand, are significantly associated with the later occupation. These latter are the forms from which a J i t e Chalcolithic Grit Tempered Ware was identified for the analysis of the KeLan aunrey materials (Whallon, 1979:22). More broadly, reduced-fired, burnished sherds of this ware are significantly more common in the Early Chalcolithic period of occupation, while unburnished varieties of Dark Grit-tempered ware, both oxidized and reduced-fired, are significantly more frequent in the Late period. 785 range of activities cal-I-iedout at this site, from little indication of processing or use of metals in the Early Chalcolirhic to relatively regular metal-working in the Later Chalcolithic. Remains of plaster also were significantly Inore cornmon in the Late Chalcolithic levels of our excavations. This is probably simply a reflection of the fact that architectural remains are larger and more frequent in the later deposits in the area chosen for excavation. Animal bones were not abundant, so the only possible aspect that could be studied effectively was the species represented. There were three common species: cattle, pig, and sheep/goat, all of which exhibited similar distributions within the excavated area of this site. There were no trends for any species to he significantly more o r less frequent by period, although we may note the fact that pig is totally absent from the lowermost levels of the Early Chalcolithic. VI. Concluding Remarks A partic~~larly interesting categoq of finds at Fatma11- Fatmall-Kalecik was first occupied as a small settlement without evidence of mud brick buildings. The fauna from the earlicst Early Chalcolithic layers could be that of a seasonal herding group, and it is notable that the earliest levels lack definite sickle blades, grinding stones, and evidence of grain winnowing and cleaning. However, even if the earliest occupants were not cultivating and processing grain themselves, the,. clearly had access to supplies of hot11 wheat and barley. Before long, however, stone-founded mud brick buildings were constructed, pigs were added to the inventory of domestic animals, and a full range of grain processing tools and debris were present, indicating that by the niidclle of the Early Chalcolithic period the farming hamlet was well established. A few tools indicate such household crafts as stone knapping, potting, and spinning; the high density of "strainers" may indicate special food preparation, and the diversity of retouched obsidian blade tools hints at domestic activities not yet identified. Kalecik was that of metal-working debris -ore, slag, litharge (originally misidentified as "crucible fragments"), and metal scraps. These items are almost exclusively found in the late period deposits here. This indicatcs, surely, a functional change in the This small settlement had several neighbors (Fibwre 1). Only 1.2 km to the south-southeast was Kurupinar, a s~nallsite 125 by 100 m in size with identical ceramics (French, 1973). In the valley bottom terraces of the Murat Su, 3.5 kni to the north-northeast was Other Artifact Classes Strainers, all of Dark Grit-tempered Ware, are found exclusively in the later Early Chalcolithic occupation deposits. Their precise function is unknown, 31though it has often been assumed that they were used in some aspect of food preparation, of which cheesemaking often has been suggested. Unfortunately, we have no other information from these excavations o r the artifacts themselves which would help to clarify the interpretation of these objects. Certainly the lack of any statistical trend for the association of cattle remains with these earlier layers, as opposed to the later deposits (see below), dues not argue for any more intensive llse of cattle or of their milk during the occupation in which the strainers occur here. 786 Henry r. Wright, RoberL Wliallon Cayboyu (N52/9),another small site, which was probably 80 meters in diameter before being cut by a stream. Here excavation revealed substantial stone wall footings, and a simple ceramic inventory also identical to that of Fatmall-Kalecik (Aksoy and Diamant, 1973). Though the terrace o n which Caybcjy~iis situated is ideal for small-scale irrigation, we do not yet have information o n the plant or animal remains retrieved from the site and cannot assess the possibility that the particular mix of productive strategies at Cayboyu was different. Survey revealed no larger Early Cha1cc)lithiccenter to which this small cluster of hamlets might have been affiliated, in contrast to the settlements of the Alunova to the east which were spaced regularly around Nor~untepe (Whallon, 1979:265-266; Figure 193). It is possible that the inhabitants of the sites of the Asvan area received such locally unavailable items as obsidian through the Altlnova sites. Othelwise, the only other evidence of exchange - a bead and a n 'Ubaid pomry vessel - is paltry. That the stylistic features of the local Early Chalcolithic ceramics show no particular relation with those of nearby areas, is another indication of the relative isolation of this area early in the fifth millennium. All three harnlet sites were also occupied earlier in the fourth millennium, though both Fatmall-Kalecik and Cayboyu have evidence of a stratigraphic hiatus during the later fifth millennium. The Late Chalcolithic patterns of animal husbaudty and grain cultivation were sinlilar to those of the Early Chalcolithic. However, both domestic life and hroader social and ecorlomic relations had changed in several respects. The diversity of obsidian and flint tools declined, but roughly tllc same amounts seem to have been procured. There was a much wider range of ceramic forms. Deep bowls and jars were still made by hand as in carlier times. In addition, many Late Chalcolithic VCSSC~S were nlanufachlred in a different way, with somc use of rotation and of specialized scrapers, and with a higher firing tempcrahlre under oxidizing c o n d ~ t i o n ssuggestirlg an enclosed kiln. These ceramics are very similar to earlier Late Chalcolithic assenlblages in the foothills to the south, for example Hactnebi A o n the Middle Euphrates (Pollock and Coursey, 1995) and Hammam et-Turkman VA in the Balikh Valley (van Loon, 1988), and it is possiblc that a network of interrelated or even itinera~ltpotters was supplying all these early fourth-millenniu~ucommunities. In exchange for supplies of stone and the services of potters, the villagers of Fatmall-Kalecik could provide not only the p r o d ~ ~ cof t s their herds or fields, but also their own exceptional craft products. In the rooms and courtyards of the Late Chalcolithic cc)mnlunity revealed by our small trench, were concentrations of possible ore and slag froin the smelting of copper and lead, as well as litharge resulting from the separation of silver from lead by cupellit'ion. Though these samples are still undergoing metallurgical analysis, the preliminary results assure us that a relatively sophisticated processing of metals was taking place not only in large centers such as Norsuntepe, where we might expect such specialized production, but also in tiny hamlets. Future studies of smelting feahlres and the vessels used in cuppellation, of ingots and finished artifacts, and of the incidence of lead and other nletals in human bone will be needed to establish precisely the kind of specialists who worked in these upper Euphrates communities and h ow their activittes were organized. Whatever the result, we can already be certain that economic specialization as a regional phenomenun was established before "urban centers" arose in northern Mesopotamia. Certainly, we must excavate and study small communities in additton to larger centers if we are to understand the economic bases of the early civilizations. Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet i r ~t h e Upper Euphrates Valley 787 References AKSOY, BEHIN AND STEVtN DIAMANT,"Cayhoyu 1970-71." 1973 Anatolian Studies XXIll:97-108. 1984 ALDEN,J o l - 1 ~R., "Ceramic rlng scrapers: an Uruk period potrely proiiuction tool." Paliorietlt 14(1):143-1 50. 1988 BA'IKAI.,FUATA N D CAHIT ERENTOZ,Sivcls: Explunatory text of the 1963 Geological Map of Turkey. Ankara: Maclen Tetkik ve Amnia Enstitiisii Yay~nlarlndan. Excue~ations HRArDwool3, LlND.4 S. AND ROBERT 1. BRAIDWOOD. 1960 in the Pluin of Antioch. Oricntal Instit~~te PuL~lications No. 61. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. BRANDT, ROELOF W., "The Other Chalcolitllic Finds." In 1978 Korucutepe 2 , e~iite~l by Mar~ritrN.van Loon, pp. 6 1 ~ 63. Amstvrda~n:North-Holland. FRENCH,D.&vIu, " K u r ~ ~ p ~ nAnatolian ~ ~ r . " Studies XXlII:92~95. 1973 HA[-IPTMANN, HAKALD,"Nor:untepe." 1969/70 19/20:21-78. Istanbuler Mitteilungen HILLMAN, GORDON,"Agricr~ln~ral resources and settlement in thc 19731 Asvan region." Anatolian Studies XXIII:217-224. 1973b "Agricultural proiiuctivity and p a t population potential at Asvan." Anatolian Studies XXIII:225-24G. KO~TEN,i. KILIC, "1945 Yll~niiaTiirkTarill Kurumu Aii~naYap~lan 1947 Tarihtincesi A r a ~ t ~ r m a l a r ~Turk ." Tarih Kurumu, Belleten 11: 431-472. POLLOCK,SUSANANI) CHERYL COIJKSEY, i'Crra~nicsfrom Hac~nrhi I995 Tepe: chronoloLy and connrctio~~s." Anatolica XXI: 102-141. REDDING, K.W., Decision Making in Subsistence Herding of Sheep 1981 and Goats in the Middle East. Doctoral Dissertation, University <if Michigan. A n n Arbor: University Microfilms. "Theoretical cieter~ninants of a herder's iiecisions: modeling variation in the shrep/goat ratio." In Anitnclls aitd Archaeologq: 3. Early Herders ant1 their Flocks, edited by J. Clutton-Rrock and C. Grigson, pp. 161-170. British Archaeological Reports, International Series, No. 202. SCHWARTZ, GLENNM. AND STEVEN E. FALCONER, Archneological 1994 Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in early Coinplex Societies. Washington: Smiihsuni;~n Institution Press. vAU LOON, MAURITS N. Kontcutepe. Anrsterdam: North Hollanii. 1978 1988 Hainmum et-Turkmun I. Istanbul: H~stor~sch-Archaeolog~achInstitut. ZEIST,WILLEM AhD J.A.H. RAKKER-HEERES. "l'rehistoric and 1975 earlv historic plant husbandry in the Alunova Plain, southeastern Turkey." In Korucutepe I , edited by Maurits N. van Loon, pp. 221 -257. Amsterdam: North Holland. VAN Z E I S I ,WILLEM A N D S.BOTTEI\.IA, Late Quaternary Vegetation 1991 of the Near East. WiesbaJm: Ludwig Rrichert. VAN WAGSTAFF, MALCOLM,"Physical geography and scttlrnients." 1973 Anatolian Studies XXlII:I97~215. WHALLON,RODERT,Ail Archaeological Survey of thc Kcbail 1979 Reservoir of East-Central Turkey. Meruoir of the Museum of Anthropolohy, University of Michigan, No. 11. An11 Arbor: Museum of Anthropology. W ~ I A L L OROBERT N, A N D HENRYT. WRIGHT, "1968 Fatmall-Kalecik 1970 Excavations: Preliminary Report." In 1968 Summer Work, pp. 67-71. Keban Project Publication Serics I. Ankara: Middle East Technical University. Henry T. Wrighl, Robert Whallon Table 1. Fatmall-Kalecik locus descriptions. Locus Units Vol. (m3) Sediment Interpretation 0.23 0.23 0.37 Gray silt with pebbles Gray silt, ash, charcoal layers Natural surfiace Exterior surfaces Mottled gray-brown silt with charcoal and pebbles Midden Gray silt with pebbles, and charcoal layer at base Slope deposit and exterior surfaces Midden outsiile wall Early Chalcolithic Loci A1 A2 A3 075 074 071,072,073 Dark brown silt, charcoal Dark brown silt Mottled brown silt, charcoal Mottled brown silt, mud brick fragments, charcoal Dark brown silt Mottled brown silt, hrick fragments Dark brown silt Light gray silt Mottled brown silt, charcoal Mottled brown ;and gray silt, ash, charcoal Mottled brown silt with pebble cap Slope deposit Slope deposit, Midden Slope deposir, Midden and hrick collapse Slope deposit Brick collapse, Slope deposit Slope deposit Slope deposit Slope deposit Midden. Slope deposit Slope deposit Late Chalcolithic Loci Fl'i F18 F19 050,051,054 044,046,048 037,040,043 Gray silt, ash, charcoal with pebble cap Dark brown silt with charcoal, pebbles Dark brown silt, charcoal, pcbblcs, brick fragments Light gray silt o n hrick Brown silt, charcoal lens Brown silt, brick fragments Brown silt, rocks, sherds Brown silt, brick fragments Mottled brown silt, brick fragments Midden, Slope deposit Slope deposit Midden, Brick collapse Floor o n packing Fill o n floor Brick collapse, Floor Pit fill Floor, Brick, Collapse Brick cvllapse Dark brown silt Wall trench fill Brown silt, rocks, vessels Midden Gray silt Fill o n surface Gray silt Gray silt Fill Fill on surface Dark brown silt Fill or Midden inside wall. Fill on surface. Leveling fill Mottled brown silt Mottled gray silt Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley Table 2. 1 4 c age determinations for Fatmall-Kalecik and related sites. Llh Nu. Site/ Locus Reference 5568 half-lifc Early Chalcolithic Determinations P-1929 Korucu V [Halat] (van Loon 1978:8) GrN-5284 Fatmall-Kalecik Hearth with Early Chalcolithic ceramics cut by plow GrN-5285 Fatmall-Kalecik A7 Early Chalcolitl~icmidden Late Chalcolithic Determinations GrN-5286 Korucu XXX GrN-5287 Korucu XXX GrN-6775 Korucu XXXI P-1928 Kcm~cuXXXV (van Loon1 978:8) (van Lonn1978:8) (van L*)on1978:8) (van Loon1 97823) Table Calibra~edAge 2 slgnla range 5260 B.C. 5190-5070 B.C. 5420-5070 B.C. 5230-4960 B.C. + 70 4590 B.C. 4770-4460 B.C. * 4230 B.C. 4220-4160 B.C. 4330 B.C. 3960 B.C. 4330-4050 B.C. 4310-4010 B.C. 4450-41 50 B.C. 4220-3720 B.C. * 6309 h.p. 71 61 75 b.p. + 50 5760 b.p. 5370 h.p. 40 5330 b.p. +- 40 5455 b.p. k 60 5145 b.p. k 60 3. Fatmali-Kalecik botanical remains. Early Chdcolitl~icLoci Weight (kg): 073 3.35 071 8.15 060 1.50 Late Cl~alcolithicLnci 059 5.20 Triticun~sp. 2 Triticuin dicoccum Triticun~cf. aestrvl~mn/ciurunl Triticum spikelet forks Triticum glume bases Hordeum (hulled) Cereal grain fragments (converted to whole grains) B r c ~ n ~ sp. r~s Gramineae indet. 7 Leguminosae indet + Arnebia decumbens Lithosperm urn teniriflonrm Silcnc sp. 1 -- 054 2.35 048 2.50 --__ 037 1 1 1 1 1 + + 3.15 1 5 + 1 30 1 3 1 2 Medicago s p. Trigondln astroites type EL__ 2.10 3 1 2 1 1 Cruciferae indet. Lahiatae indet. Polygonurn sp. S o l a ~ l u nni;urun~ ~ Unidentified seeds 5 + 2 20 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon 790 Table 4. IVISP (number of identified specimens) for each taxon and for unidentified categories presented by sub-phase for the Chalcolithic loci of Fatmall-Kalecik. - Taxon/Category Early Chalcolithic Earliest Early End Late Chalcolithic Begin Middle End 'Iotal Sheep-Goat (Sheep) (Goat) Pig Cattle Canid Fox Badger Hare Rodent Rib Vertebra Unidentified Table 5. Species ratios, based on NISP, for the domestic taxa presented Chalcolithic loci of Fatmall-Kalecik. Sub-phase Early Chalcolithic Earliesc Early End Late Chalcolithic Beginning Middle End Sheep and Goat/ Cattle Sheep and Goat/ Pig by sub-phase for the Pid Cattle Table 6. Condensed artifact counts from Fatmali-Kalecik. Grit Rd Grit Rd Grit Rd Grit Dp Grit Sm Grit Grit Bu Thn Bu Med Bu Thk N B Thn N B Med NB Thk Bu Thn Bu Med Bu Thk NB Thn N B Med NB Thk Aol Rm Bol Rm Impr Str Strainr Locus Period Vol m3 Grit O x Grit O x Grit O x Grit O x Grit O x Grit O x Grit Rd G r ~ Rd t Grit Rd A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A13 B11 B12 F14 F15 F16 Fli: F1S F19 F20 F21 F22 FL3 F24 F25 F26 F27 D28 D29 Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Late Late Late Late Late L~te Late Late Lare Late Late Late Late D30 Late R i l Late B32 Late B33 Late Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a ~ h a l c o l i t h i cHamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley Table 6 (cont.). Condensed artifact counts from Fatmali-Kalecik. Locus Period Vol rn3 Flint Flint Obsdn Obsdn Obsdn Ohsdn Coarse Heavy Bone Bonr Bonr Blade Other Lg Flk Srn Flk Blade Other Flk Stone Pig Cow Shp-Gt A1 Early 0.23 1 0 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 A2 Early 0.23 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 A3 Early 0.37 0 5 0 2 2 2 6 0 0 A4 Early 0.36 1 I 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 A5 Early 0.32 1 I 0 1 I 1 0 0 0 A6 Early 0.56 0 0 0 3 1 0 I 0 0 ,47 Early 0.79 0 1 0 5 '0 0 3 1 1 Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Late Late Late Late F22 Late 0.25 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 F23 Late 0.23 0 4 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 F24 Late 0.42 0 0 0 4 1 3 1 I 3 F25 Late 0.62 2 0 0 4 2 0 4 1 6 F26 Late 0.01 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 D28 Late 0.19 0 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 D29 Late 0.53 1 1 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 D30 Late 0.1 7 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 B31 Lzte 0.87 1 6 5 15 0 5 2 0 3 B32 kte 0.48 0 3 0 3 1 1 5 0 1 B33 Late 0.32 0 1 0 2 2 1 4 0 0 794 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon Figure 1 Map of the immediate area. 0 -m L 15 ' (2.0 Excavation ( Figure 2 Contour map o i the moclnd. Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley 796 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon Figure 4 Burnished grit-tempered vessels from Fatmall-Kalecik: Early Chalcolithic loci. a. Deep bowl with lug ( A 8 10591): Dia. 26 cm, Exterior surface mottled light gray and brown (7.5YR 5/2), lnterior surface light brown (7.5 YR 6/4), Core dark gray ( N 4). b. Deep bowl with lug ( F15 10601): Dia. 33 cm, Exterior surface very pale brown, lnterior surface light brown, Core dark gray. c. Deep bowl with lug ( A 8 10551): Dia. 26 cm, Exterior surface grayish brown (1 0YR 5/2), lnterior surface light yellowish brown ( I OYR 6/4), Core very dark gray (10YR 3/1). d. Deep bowl with lug ( F 16 10561): Dia. ca.38 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces light yellowish brown, Core dark gray. e. Applique strip with imprints ( B 72 10021): Exterior Surface mottled reddish brown and pale brown, lnterior surface reddish gray, Core dark brownish gray, orientation uncertain. f. Deep bowl with applique' strip ( A8 (05.51): Dia. ca.25 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces dark grayish brown ( I OYR 4/2), Core very dark gray (1 0YR 3/11. g. Deep restricted bowl ( A6 10651): Dia. ca.24 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces mottled dark gray, Core dark gray. h. Deep b o w l ( F 16 10561): Dia. ca.22 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces pale brown, Core light gray brown. i. Small b o w l ( A 5 10681): Dia. 18 cm, Exterior surface mottled light brown, Interior surface mottled very pale brown, Core dark gray. j. Small bowl ( A 10 10261): Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces moltled dark gray, Core dark gray. k. Small b o w l ( A 10 10041): Dia. ?, Exterior surface mottled very light gray, lnterior surface grayish brown, Core gray. I. Small bowl with herringbone impressions ( A 10 10391): Dia. 2 0 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces mottled brownish gray (70YR 6/2), Core light gray (N 6). m. Small shallow bowl ( A 5 (06811: Dia. ca. 6 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces dark brown, Core reddish brown. n. Black o n buffpainted sherd (A5 10681): 5 % small dark grit inclusions. Surfaces and core very pale brown, Pale brown matte paint. o. Strainer ( F 15 10601): Dia. 13 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces dark brown (10YR 4/3), Core dark gray (N 4). p. Small everted jar rim ( A 10 10081): Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces black, Core very dark grayish brown. Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrate5 Vdlley \:-i e -' . -- - -. I-:.: I:-.. - - -:,,. -~ . . . -- :!>., ' ,--' +.. ,$.:y - J - Figure 4 Burnished grit-tempered vessels from Fatrnalr-Kalecik: Early Q~alcolithicloci [see p.786). 798 Henrv T. Wright, Robert Whallon Figure 5 Burnished grit-tempered vessels from Fatmall-Kalecik: Late Chalcolithic loci. a. Plain bowl ( B3 1 [O 161): Dia. 24 cm, Exterior surface mottled gray and black, lnterior surface very dark gray, Core gray. b. Deep bowl ( B3 1 [O 7211: Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces mottled gray and reddish brown, Core very gray. c. Stnall heavy bowl ( F 17 [054]): Dia. ? 17, Exterior surface light gray, lnterior surfaces light brown, Core dark gray. d. Deep bowl with applique strip and lug ( 932 [0061): Dia. ca. 65 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces grayish brown ( 1 OYR 5/3), Core very dark gray (N 3). e. Small deep bowl ( 83 1 10121): Dia. 17 cm, Exterior surface grayish brown (7.5YR 4/21, lnterior surface black (N 2), Core very dark gray ( 1 OYR 3/1). f. Small deep bowl ( B31 [01211: Dia. 22 cm, Exterior surface grayish brown (IOYR 4/2), lnterior surface dark gray (10YR 4/1), Core very dark gray ( 1OYR 3/71. g. Small deep bowl w i t l ~impressions ( F25 [0091): Dia. 7 5 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces grayish brown (10YR 5/21, Core dark gray ( N 4). h. Small deep bowl with impressions ( F24 10151): Dia. ?, Exterior surface light brown, lnterior surface light grayish brown, Core dark gray. i. High everted neck jar ( F 1 8 [044]): Dia. ?, Exterior surface grayish brown. lnterior surface brown, Core brown. j. High everted neck jar ( B32 [006]): Dia. ?, Exterior surface light brown. lnterior surface gray brown, Core dark gray. ' k. Low everted neck jar ( F23 102 11): Dia. 1 8 cm, Surfaces and core very dark gray. I. Low everted neck jar ( F24 10 151): Dia. 16 cm, lnterior and exterior surfaces brown (7.5 YR 6/4), Core dark gray (N 4). m. Low everted neck jar ( F23 [OZl]): Dia. 22 cm, Exterior surface dark brown, lnterior surface brown, Core dark grayish brown. n. Low everted neck jar ( F27 10031): Dia. 18 cm, Surfaces and core reddisl~gray. o. Low everted neck jar ( F 17 10511): Dia. ?, lnterior and exterior surfdces very dark gray, Core dark gray. p. Band rim jar ( F23 [021]): Dia. ?, lnterior and exterior surfaces dark gray, Core very dark gray. Investigations at Fatrnalr Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley -- Figure 5 Burnished grit-tempered vessels from Fatmalr-Kalecik: I ate Chalcolit~iicloci (see p.780). A 800 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon Figure 6 Late Chalcolithic chaff-faced bowls from Fatmall-Kalecik. a. Bowl wit11 flattened lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 23 cm, Surfaces and core brown. b. Bowl wit11 flattened lip ( F23 10291): Dia. ?, Exterior surface mottled light reddish brown and dark gray. lnterior surface light brown, Core very dark gray. c. Bowl with tapered and flattened lip ( F24 [0151): Dia. 33 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale brown (7.5YR 7/4), Core light gray (N 6). d. Bowl with interior band ( F24 [015]): Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces light yellowish brown (1OYR 7/4), Core dark gray (N 4). e. Bowl with exterior rim thickening ( F24 10151): Dia. 23 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces light yellowish hrown (1OYR 7/4), Core light gray (1OYR 6/1). f. Bowl with interior rim thickening ( F26 [0141): Dia. ?, Exterior surface very dark gray, lnterior surface mottled light gray, Core very dark gray. g. Bowl with beaded lip ( F25 10071): Dia. 23 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces light reddish brown, Core dark gray. h. lncurved bowl with beaded lip ( B32 [0061): Dia. 23, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale brown, Core light gray. i. Bowl with beaded lip ( F21 [0321): Dia. 4 1 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces pale brown (7.5YR 7/4), Core gray ( 7.5YR 5/01. j. Bowl with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 34 cm, Exterior surface (1 0YR 7/3), lnterior surface dark gray (1 0YR 5/1), Core light brown( 7.5YR 7/41. k. Bowl with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 3 1 cm, Exterior surface mottled hrown (1OYR 5/3), lnterior surface brown (1OYR 4/71, Core light brown ( 7.5YR 6/4). I. Deep bowl (?) with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 22 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale brown, Core light gray. m. Small bowl with beaded lip ( F24 (0151): Dia. ca. 18 cm, Exterior surface light brown, lnterior surface light reddish brown, Core gray. n. Ring scraper ( F2.5 10091): Dia. 9 cm, Surfaces and core light reddish brown (5YR 7/41. o. Very small bowl ( 0 3 0 [0051): Dia. ca. 4 cm, Surfaces and core very pale brown, Exterior and interior red slip. Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet i n the Upper Euphrates Valley Figure 6 Late Chalcolithic chaff-iaced bowls from Fatmall-Kalecik (see p.790). 802 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon Fig~lre7 Late Chalcolitliic chaff-faced jars from Fatmall-Kalecik. a. Small incurved jar ( B3 1 [018]): Dia. 1 1 cm, Exterior surface mottled light gray and very pale brown, lnterior surface pale browri, Core light grayish brown. h. Incurved jar with spout ( F18 [048]): Dia. ?, Exterior arid interior surfaces pale brown, Core gray, Slip very pale brown, Reddish paint. c. lncurved jar ( F23 [029]): Dia. 14 cm, Exterior surface pale brown, lnterior surface dark gray browri, Core gray. d. Neckless ledge rim jar ( F24 [O 131): Dia. 20 cm, Exterior light brownish gray ( 1 OYR 6/21, Iriterior surface and core very dark gray (N 3). e. Flared neck jar with rounded lip( F27 [003]): Dia. 1 1 cm, Exterior and interior surtaces very pale brown, Core gray. f. Flared neck jar with rounded lip and spout ( B3 1 [012]): Dia. 18, Exterior and interior surfaces white ( 1 0YR 8/41, Core light gray (1 0YR 7/1). g. Flared neck jar with thickened lip ( B31 [0/8]1: Dia. 12, Exterior surface light reddish browri, lnterior surtace pale brown, Core dark gray. h. Flared neck jar with thickened lip ( F24 [015]): Dia. ca. 16 cm, Surfaces and core brown (7.5YR 4/21. Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet i n the Uppcr Euphrates Valley 803 -c. a. 0 3- crn ' I I Figure 7 Late Chalcolithic chaff-faced jars from Fatmall-Kdlec ik (see p. 792). Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon 804 Figure 8 Late Chalcolithic chaff-faced jars from Fatmalr-Kalecik. a. Flared neck jar with flattened lip ( Ft. 8 bricks 10251): Dia. ca.20 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), Core lig11t reddish brown (10YR 6/4). b. Straight neck jar with flattened lip ( F24 /015/): Via. 26 cm, Surfaces and core ligl~tbrown (7.5YR 7/4). c. Straight neck jar with flattened lip ( F24 [0131): Dia. 13 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale brown, Core gray. d. Flared neck jar with thickened and flattened lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 2.3cm, Exterior and interior surfaces light hrown (7.5YR 7/4), Core light brownish gray (10YR 6/2). c. Flared neck jar with thickened and flattened lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 22 cm, Surfaces and core light brown (7.5YR 7/4). f Straight neck jar with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces cream to very pale brown, Core gray. . Straight neck jar with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. ca..35, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale brown (1OYR 7/4), Core gray (N 5). h. Jar with heavy rounded lip ( F23 [021]): Dia. 24, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale brown Core gray. i. Large jar with rounded lip ( F24 [O 1.31):Dia. 22, Exterior surfaces white, lnterior surface very pale brown, Core gray. j. Large jar with grooved rour~drim ( F23 10211): Dia. ca.40, Exterior surfaces very pale brown, Interior surface light brown, Core dark gray. k. Large jar with grooved round rim ( F25 (0091): Dia. ca.30, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale hrown, Core pale brown. I. Very large jar ( F2.3 [0211): Dia. ca.60, Exterior surfaces very pale brown (1OYR 7/4), lnterior surface reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), Core light brown is11 gray (1OYR 6/2). Orientation uncertain. m. Painted sherd ( F29 [0231): Surfaces and core light reddish gray (5YR 6/3), Weak red (10R 4/4) paint. n. Painted sherd ( F 17 10511): Surfaces and core very pale brown (1OYR 8/4), Pale red (1OR 6/3) paint. o. Painted sherd ( F29 [023]): Exterior and interior surfaces light gray ( 7 0YR 7/2), Core gray (10YR 5/1), Very dark grayist~brown (1OYR 3/2) paint. Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet i n the Upper Euphrates Valley Figure 8 Late Chalcolithic chaff-faced jars from Fatmali-Kalecik (see p.794) 805 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon 806 Figure 9 Flaked obsidian items from Fatmall-Kalecik. a. Flake with retoucl~(L: F23 10291). b. Flake fragment or large blade segment with light retouch. c. Pi6ce esqui1li.e (L: F 17 10541). d. Blade segment with utilization (L: D29 10191). e. Flake fragment with inverse retouch (L: F24 [0151). f. Endscraper on blade (L: F 7 8 10441). g. Distal fragment of large b/ade (E: B 12 [04 11). 11. Proximal fragment of blade (E: B 1 1 [035]). i. Proximal frdgrner~tof blade with notch (E: F 16 [056/). j. Blade fragment with notch (E: B 12 [002]). k. Blade segment (E:A3 [071]). I. Truncated segment with possible burin (E: A3 10731). m. Retouched blade segment (E: A9 j0421). n. Retouched blade segment (E: A3 f0731). o. Retociched blade segment (E: A 10 [0451) p. Truncated blade segment (E: A8 10591). q. Trcincated and retociched blade segment (E: F23 [0291). r. Retouched blade segment (E: F 7 8 10561). s. Small stemmed point (E: A 10 [029]). Investigations at Fatmall K a l e ~ i ka: Chalcol~thicHamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley Figure 9 Flaked obsidian items fruni Fd1rrrdl1-Kalecik (see p.796). 807 808 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon Figure 1 0 Flaked flint and other items from Fatmall-Kalecik. a. Sidescraper on flake (E: B 1 l 10521). b. Convergent double sidescraper on flake (E: B11 10521). c. Sickle on blade segment (L: F25 10091). d. Retouched blade segment iL: F27 [0031). e. Blade segment (L: F25 10091). i. Endscraper on blade (L: F18 [044]). g. Endscraper on blade (E: A2 10741). h. Large semi-circular sidescraper on cortical flake (L: F23 10291). i. Retouched curved bladelet, possible perforator (L: 0 2 9 [023]). j. Sickle on blade segment (E: A 10 10261). k. Sickle on retouched or partially backed blade segment (E: B 1 1 10521). I. g r ' b a ~ k ~ a r crescentd~N Backed bladelet with retouch on point opposire b d c k i ~ ~(or microlith?) (E: A8 [055]). m. Pitted (partially perforated) slate disc (E: A6 10651). n. Perforated sherd disc (L: F25 [007]). o. Molded ceramic fragment (L: F25 10071). p. Incised rectangular calcite vessel (L: B32 [006]). q. Disc bead, dark greenish stone (L: 0 2 9 10191). r. Ovoid bead, quartz (L: 0 2 8 [028]). s. Ovoid bead, dark gray stone (E: A7 10621). Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a C I ~ d I ~ o l i t h Hamlet ic in the Upper Euphrates Valley Figure 10 Flaked flint and other items from Fatmall-Kalecik (see p.798). 809 Bruce Howe / Bozoua Degirmen Tepe: A fate Acheuleun Surfice Site ...................................................................................................... Barthel Hrouda / Suruey in der 401 Umgebung uon Sirkeli Hoyiik. 1994 ........................................................................................................... 427 Fahri Iyk / Ein phrygissh-ionischer Torso der Mutrerpjittin in Alunya ....................................................................................................... 435 ]ale Inan / Spes Heykeli {Arkaistik) ............................................................................................................................................................ 451 / Zur Ethno-Archdolo~ieder Teergeezuinnun~in Anatolien .................................... ................................................................. 457 Wolfram Kleiss / Schwalbenschwunr und Klammer in der irunisihen Arihiektur ...................................................................................... 465 Manfred Korfmann / Stelen uor den Toren Troias: Apaliunus-Apollon in Truisa/Wilusa? ............................................................................471 Kemal Kurda~;/ Orta Do@ Teknik Universitesi we Arkeoloji ......................................................................................................................489 Machtcld J. Mellink / Bilingual, and the Alphabet in Cilicia, Tuhal antl I'hrygia ...................................................................................... 495 Rauf M. Munchaev, N . Ya . Mcrpert / Tell I-luriro I - Thc Most n s i e n t Cult Centre in North-East Syria ..................................................499 Peter Neve / Rrstaurierungen in Bo~a?koy-Huttu~a ...................................................................................................................................... 515 Katharina Otto-Dorn / Dus Drachenrelief uom Talismantor in Baghdad .....................................................................................................531 Revza Ozil / 7'he Conserclation of the Dome Mosniis of Hagia Sophiu ......................................................................................................... 541 Mihriban Ozbasaran / The Heart of a House: The Hrurth - Aglkli Htiyiik, u Pre-pottery Neolithic Site in Centrul Anutolia ........................... 555 Metin Ozbek / Human Skeletal Remains From Agtkll, A Neolithic Village Near Aksnri~y,Turkey .............................................................. 567 581 , Ozdogan / Buildings of Cult and the Cult of Buildings ................................... .. .................................................. Mehmet ~ z d o g a n As11 llknur Ozgen / Surcley a n d l'reliminury Excavntions a t Hnirmusalar (Ancient Chontu) Near E l m n l ~in Northern I>ycin ................................ 601 Nimet Ozgiic / Kunig Krlrum'urtda Bulunmug Olun Eski Assur Usluburldu lki Silindir Miihiir ............................................................... 611 Tahsin Ozgiic / Kululu'da Yeni Bulunmuj Bir Sfenks Ba$l ur Yuzlt P a r ~ a s............................................................................................... ~ 615 Mehmet o m i t , Nesrin Ozsait / Kejili . Yaniktaj Kaya Kabartmalari ..................................................................................................... 619 631 As11 Ozyar / The Use and Abuse of Re-use at Karkamish ........................................................................................................................... Josephine Powell / The Persistence o j Certuin Designs in Anutolian Nomad Storagt Sacs .............................................................................641 Charles Redman / Sources of Powe~in the I'ast: Platform Mounds In Central Arizona .............................................................................. 653 George5 Tm Rider / Le Dibut du Monnnyage Aihiminid L. Continuation ou Innouution! ............................................................................ 663 675 Wolfgang Rollig / Sinn unrl Fowl Formaler Aufbau und literurisshe Stnrktur der Karutepe.1nschrift ............................................................ Klaus Schmidt / Fruhneolithische Silexdolche ............................................................................................................................................ 681 Werner Schnuchel (in Zusammenarbeit mit Wulf Schirrner) / Beobachtungen a n Kirihenbauten in der Pruuini Diyarbak~r ......................693 . aus der Ebene van Ergani (1 9801 ................................................................................................ 711 Renate Schonhagen / Ein G r ~0i... Bilde~ Veli Sevin / VarJKarugiiitdiir K a r ~ l a r r n ~1~1,ij n ~ n d aDo@ Anadolu GECDeinir CURCunak Ciiml@i ........................................................715 Agnes Spycket / En Visite d Karatepe .......................................................................................................................................................727 729 Tamara Stech / Thoughts on Ancient Craft and Crnftsmanship in Socithti~estAsia ................................................................................. Robert B . Stewart / Lotus and Lotus-Eaters ............................................................................................................................................... 735 r 739 Oguz Tanlndl / "Bilgisuyar Uestckli Arkeoloji": Arkeoloj ik K a i i Projeleri li.in Otomitsyon Modeli . 2: Kazi S~rusrndakiC t r l ~ ~ m a l u............... Asuman G. Tiirkmenoglu, Ernine N . Caner Saltlk / G r a t e p e Bazaltlarinrn Borugma Sorunlar~ue Koruma Yollarl .................................... 753 Patty Jo Watson / The P~elti,[uric Project, 1968 and 1970: A Familial Memoir ....................................................................................... 759 Andrke R . Wood / Revisited: Blood Residue Inr~e,rigutions a t Goyonu, Turkey ........................................................................................ 763 Henry E. Wright, Jr. / Origin of the Clilnute and Vegatation in the Mediterranean Area .............................................................................765 Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon / Inc~estigationsa t Futmalr Kalecik: A Chalcolitilic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley .....................775 811 Jak Yakar / Were the EBA Inhabitants of Karutic$-Semayiik Semi-Sedcntury? A n Ethnoarchneologicctl View- ........................................... Zehra Yegingil, Giulio Bigazzi, Gerard Poupeau and Ludovic Bellot-Crurlet / Prozlenuncr Studies of Obsidian Artej'ucts in Anatolia: Ulla Johansen . The Contribution of the Fission Track Atialyscs .............................................................................................................................. 823 ege y a y ~ n l a r ~ / e g peu b l i s h i n g Arslanyatagl Sokak. Sedef Palas. 35/2. 80060 Cihangir - 1stanbul . Turkey Tel . Fax: 90 (212) 249 0520 e.mai1: egeyayinOprizrna.net.tr ISBN 975-807-020-7