Light on Top of the Black Hill
Studies presented to Halet Cambel
Karatepe'deki I9ik
Halet Cambel'e sunulan yazzlar
Derleyenler / Editors
Giiven Arsebiik
Machteld J. Mellink
Ege Yayinlari
Istanbul
Wulf Scl~irmer
Contents
/
i$indekiler
Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ix
Various Publications of Halet Cernbcl
/ Prof
Dr . Halet Canihel'e Ait Cesitli Yay~nlar............................................................................
Murat Akman. Martina Sicker-Akman / Ein Haus in Ayaspusu ................................................................................................................
Behin Aksoy / A Brief Sunley of the Halaf Culture
Ekrem Akurgal
xi
I
15
/ Classification and Chronolo.qy of the Hattian and Hittite I'eriods in Anatoliun Histoly (2500-1 100 B.C.) ..........................25
Aziz Albek / DT. Halet Cambel ile " F r i ~ aYiik~ekya~lusi'nd~z"
.....................................................................................................................35
/ The Spouted-lug of the EB I Period .......................................................................................................... ........................39
Ayda Arel / The So.Cal1r.J "Mustafu Paga Touer" on the Bodrum-Halicarnassos P~.ninsula...........................................................................41
Duygu Arisan Gunay / Istanbul Arkeoloji Miizeleri Ar~iz~inJen
Schliernann'ln Bir Mektubu ..........................................................................57
Giiven Arsebiik / A Review of the Current Status of Pleistocene Archaeology in Turkey .................................................................................71
Fatma Artunkal / Aurora ...........................................................................................................................................................................77
79
Sara Atabay / Baz~An~lar...........................................................................................................................................................................
Nur Balkan-Atli / The Aceramic Neolithic of Central Anatoliu: Recent Finds in the Chipped Stone Industly ..................................................81
Neiih Ba~gelen/ The Celikli-Erzurum Rock-Cut Tomb ................................................................................................................................95
Nezahat Baydur / Attis Kultu we Tarsus'da Bulunmus Attis Terrclkottalar~ ................................................................................................105
Ayse BaykaLSeeher, Jiirgen Seeher / Gefape aus Rlci in der Fruhen Bronze:rit Anutoliens ....................................................................... 115
Serna Baykan / Une Approche d la Typologie Lithiqur de Kumartepe; Un Site Niolithiqlte sur ['Euphrate Turi ...........................................123
Ruth Amiran
Erhan B I ~ ~/ AC nI Essay on the Chronoloby of the Pre-pottrly Neolithic Settlements of the East-Taurus Region (Turkey)
with the Building Remains lind the 14 C Dates ............................
.
..............................................................................................
137
/ Eines karumzeitlicher Stempel und ein Siegelring der Isin ILZeit in Koln .......................................................... 151
/ Gedanken zur lykischen Gesellschaftsstruktltr lcnter persischer und attischer Herrschaft ............................................... 155
.......................................................................................................................
171
Iicia Vlad Borrelli / Homo faber ...................................
Eva-Maria Bossert, Franz Fischer / Calclpuerdi, Beobachtungen anlasslish cines Besuchs im lahre 1960 .......................................................177
Robert J . Braidwood, Linda S. Braidwood / A Highly Successful Collegiality ..............................................................................................189
Vivian Broman Morales / Clues from Clay ................................................................................................................................................
195
lsabella Caneva, C . Lemorini, D. Zampetti / Chipped Stones at Aceramic Cuyonu: Technology, Activities, Traditions, Innovations ................ 199
207
Jacques Cauvin / LLI Ne'olithisation de L'Anatolie ................................................................................................................................
Marie-Claire Cauvin / L'Anatolie, Trrre dlEchanges: L'ObsiJienne Pre'historiqlte et sa Diffusion .................................................................. 215
Muazzei i. Gig / Civiyn:111Belgelrr Ar~iz~i'nin
Kuruluy An11ar1 ................................................................................................................. 221
Altan Cilingiroglu / Urartu'du Tapinma we Taplnma Yerleri .................................................................................................................... 229
A. Muhibbe Darga / Geq-Hitit Dinemi Mara~Mezur Stellrrinden Uq Ornek we Gozlemler ........................................................................... 241
Michael K . Davis / Social Differentiation at the Early Village of Cayonu, Turkey ...................................................................................... 257
Refik Duru / Bademugaci Hiyiigti'niin ( K t z ~ l k a ~Ilk
a ) Tun$ Cat1 Comlekqiligi we Carkigi lki Musmpa Hlikktnda BUZIDiisiinceler .............. 267
Serra Durugoniil / Nrur Reliefs aus dem Rauhen Kilikien ..........................................................................................................................277
Turan Efe / Cayonu Kemik P.li.tleri (Genel Bir Deierlsndirme) ...................................................................................................................289
H . G6niil Egeli / Die sogenunnten Gefflstander der KarapKultur: Die Funde aus Tepecik .......................................................................... 305
Sirri ErinC / V a n G i l i Seviyesi ve Stkiiler iklin~Degisiklikleri ................................................................................................................... 319
Fiisun Ertug / Orta Anadolu'da Bir Etnoarkeoloji vr Etnobotanik Cal~gmasi............................................................................................... 325
Ufuk Esin / Einige Hinweise :ur Entstehiq der fruhbronzezeitlichen Furstentumer in Anatolien ................................................................. 339
345
Alexander Fol / Controversial Notes ......................................................................................................................................................
Sevil Gulcur / Vom Gott zum Spiel~eug:Die Ticrfiguren z~onTepecik ......................................................................................................... 347
Hans G . Giiterbock / A Visit to Karatepe ............................................................................................................................................... 365
Bozkurt Giiven~/ Ogrermenim Halet Cambel ............................................................................................................................................371
Rolf Hachrnann / Die Graber Jcr Konige uus dem Hnrtsc Daz~id in lerusalem und ihr Totenritual ............................................................
375
A y ~ eHaznedar Ozkan / Yonm~icTas Alet Cizimi Iqin Notlar ....................................................................................................................395
Rainer Michael Boehmer
Jurgen Borchhardt
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper
Euphrates Valley
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
University of Michigan - Museum ot Anthropology
(With contrubutions by Andreas Hauptmann, Richard Redding and Willem Van Zeist)
I. Introduction
Problem
Anyone who visits the excavations at Karatepe is immediately impressed by the extraordinary amount of
work that the Cambel team has devoted to very
eroded and dificult deposits. The fruits of such patience, however, are here for all to see in the magisterial publication on the reliefs from this important
Neo-Hittite site. These labors stand as a reminder of
the need to document even the most poorly preserved
or smallest of sites, lest we lose critical opportunities
to huild and evaluate new knowledge of the past.
This contribution deals with a very modest site, but
one which has proved to be relevant to one of the
central problems of cultural evolution in the Near
East, the development of specialized systems of econotnic production and distribution. In such systems,
an individual, a small social group such as a family,
or a n entire community, produces certain items for a
larger community. It is common to term such economic development "urbanism" (though 'urbanism'
has other meanings as well), and to look for evidence
of it in the archaeological remains of uiban centers,
those central settlements we call 'towns' and 'cities.'
Such a strategy ignores the logical necessity that urban systems must be regional systems, that if certain
production activities are the focus of people or groups
in some places, then the things which these people or
groups consume but do not produce, must he produced by somebody else, very likely in another place.
In particular, if the Chalcolithic period -now dated
from the sixth to fourth millennia before our era- in
southwest Asia witnessed increased size and more
specialization in towns, then it should also wimess
increasing specialization in small rural cominunities
(Schwartz and Falconer, 1994).
W i t h thought of documenting such ruralization,
when other more ~nunificentlysupported teams were
selecting large and impressive town sites in richer
parts of the Keban Reservoir salvage area, the Museurn of Anthropology chose a very small hoyiik in a
quiet corner of the Upper Euphrates Valley. Though
circumstances limited the time and resources that
could be allocated to this site, the results are surprising and useful.
Project Background
Prior to 1966, few archaeologists had directed their attention to the Upper Euphrates in general and the
area now covered by the Keban Resewoir in particular (Hauptmann, 1969/70). Among the few earlier
visitors, only one had visited the large mound of
Asvan, in the valley below our site (Kiikten, 1947). I n
1967 an intensive survey of sites marked by accumulated mounds of cultural debris was undertaken by a
joint team from Istanbul University and the University of Michigan under the direction of Siinmez Kantman and Robert Whallon. Support was provided by
the two Universities, by M.E.T.U., hy the Ford Foundation, and by the U.S. National Science Foundation
(Grants G S 1618 and GS 3025). About 323 km2 was
surveyed in various parts of the 680 km2 scheduled
tor inundation. Near the village of Asvan, 28 km2
was intensively suweyed, with much of the landscape
being covered on foot (Whallon, 1979). The tract extended along the left or southeast hank of the branch
of the Euphrates called the Murat Su, three km above
and below Asvan, and five km to the southeast up
into the hilly margins of the valley. In the course of
this careful examination, seven mounds were recorded. In a small valley high in the hills, the survey team
recorded a small mound numbered N52/3 in the
files of the survey. No local person volunteered a
name for the site, so it was initially called 'Adsiztepe'
or "Nameless mound." Later, it was learned that the
site was called 'Kalecik,' meaning "little fort." T o distinguish it fron-~many other mounds called 'Kalecik,'
776
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
the name of the nearest village was prefixed, and the
site is known as 'Fatmali-Kalecik.' The occurrence of
several earlier types of pottery on the surface of the
site made it particularly interesting as a test case for
'systematic surface collection' (Whallon, 1979: 165168). The sounding of 1969 (Whallon and Wright,
1972) was designed in part to test the site formation
model based o n this systematic surface study, discussed below.
Survey Evidence of Fatmali-Kalecik
This site is at an elevation of approximately 850 m
above sea level, at about 39" 30' East Longitude and
38" 40' N Iatitude. T o the north and west of the site,
small valleys, rich with springs, drop down through
the Pleistocene terraces of the Murat Su to the narrow
valley around modern Asvan. T o the south are high
hills of metamorphosed limestones and schists, but
to the southeast there is a level plain developed into
Eocene flysch (Baykal and Erentoz, 1966;Wagstaff,
1973), by which travelers can easily reach the plain of
Alhnova, on which were located many of the largest
pre- and proto-historic sites of the region. Prehistoric
farmers living at Fatmall-Kalecik would have been
able to irrigate gardens and orchards below the
springs, dry farm or graze herds on the level plain,
and graze, cut wood, and hunt o n the hills (Figure I).
Today, with 350-500 mm or more of precipitation
during the Winter and Spring four years out of five,
poor harvests are rare and dry farming is quite reliable, and the land around Fatmali-Kalecik is heavily
cultivated and grazed. There are few remnants of natural vegetation. W i t h even more rainfall during
middle Holocene times in this part of the Taurus
Mountains (van Zeist and Bottema, 1991), however,
we would expect a forest cover, predominantly of oak
and juniper. The presence of quantities of charcoal,
particularly in the lower Early Chalcolithic layers of
the site, supports this suggestion.
The mound of Fatmali-Kalecik is almost circular, measuring a maximum of 100 m from east to west and
92 meters from north to south. About 40 m to the
northwest is a small spring. From the highest surviving point o n the mound to the natural soil, was
3.9 m. The site was fully cultivated both at the time
of the survey and the time of excavation.
The systematic survey utilized a strategy termed a
"randomized circular grid." O n a plan of the site,
concentric circles were drawn, each one 4 tneters
greater than the receding circle and defining a band.
The area of each band was calculated and expressed
as a fraction of the total site area. Ten percent of the
total site area, or 48 four-by-four meter squares, were
then distributed among the concentric bands so that
the number of squares assigned to each band was
proportional to the fraction of total site area covered
by each band. Every artifact in each square was then
picked up, bagged, washed, marked, and analyzed.
There were two comnlon ceramic wares: (1) a thicker
ware with crushed rock inclusions, usually Ared gray
or brown and often burnished, and (2) a thinner
ware with chopped straw inclusions, ~isuallyfired red
or cream and sometinles burnished. Mapping the
distributions of these two wares in the systematic surface survey revealed that sherds of the former ware occurred over most of the site, while sherds of the latter
were concentrated o n the southern and eastern edges
of the site (Figure 2) (Whallon, 1979:168, figs. 64,
65). This suggested that a larger early occupation
using the dark ware with rock inclusions measured
90-100 m in diameter, while a smaller later occupation using the cream ware with straw inclusions measured only 35-40 m by 75-80 in. However, when
this initial analysis was done, there was n o ceramic
sequence for the region, and we could not be certain
which ware was earlier.
Description of the Excavation
W e had planned an excavation of several weeks,
sampling various parts of the site. However, delays in
the issuing of the permit -finally overcome as a result
of the intervention of Halet Cambel and Necat
Erem- left us with only a few days for fieldwork. Excavation was conducted from 8 to 13 August 1968.
The field team was composed of Henry Wright, field
director; John D. Speth and James Springer, trench
supen~isors;Daniel G. Bates, translator, and Guner
Hakklbeyoglu of the Buyiik Millet Meclisi Miizesi in
Ankara, representative of the Department of Antiquities.
Since the primary objective was the evaluation of the
systematic surface survey, we laid out a trench ten meters long and one meter wide, oriented slightly west
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
I
of north. In order to provide for a deep sounding to
natural soil, we expanded the northernmost two meters of the trench westward an additional meter. We
were able to carry not only part of this two by two meter square to natural soil, but also part of the southernmost end of the trench. The area and thickness of
soil volumes were recurdecl, and all debris was
screened through 0.62 cm mesh. Flotation samples
and soil samples were taken to search for floral remains.
II. Stratigraphy and Features
Stratigraphy
The mound of Fatmall-Kalecik sits o n a surface of
sandy silt with lenses of pebbles and no evident soil
formation. Charcoal fragments in this natural layer
m3y result from clearing and cultivation prior to occupation. The 76 cxcavated volullles can be allocated
to 36 discrete depositional units or loci, which are
presented in Table 1. The units are numbered in a
single series, with a letter prefix indicating which part
of the trench, and therefore on which part of the section (Figurc 3) they can be lound. The occupational
history revealed in our trench, which is only a small
window into the stratigraphic complexities of the
mound, can be summarized as follows.
The natural surface (A1 , F13) of the spur of the plain
on which the site was established slopes gently northward toward the spring. The first occupation was a series of finely stratified gray silt surfaces with lenses of
ash and charcoal (A2). Above this was dumped a
midden (A3) sloping down from an area of occupation buildup to the north. This was followed by
slowly deposited slope debris (A4), and then morc
midden (A5) which is definitely articulated with a
small stolle footing (Feature I l ) , slope deposit (A6),
more midden (A7), more slope deposit and midden
(A8), articulated with another stone footing not visible in the section (Feature lo), and yet more slope deposit (A9). Deposit A8 and everything above it in the
north enci of the trench - more than a meter helow
the present surface - has many rodent burrows.
Above this was a massive deposit of collapsed mud
brick with lenses of silt and midden (AlO), probably
resulting from several reconstructions of a building to
the north. This was covered by a dark brown silt layer (Bl I), perhaps occupation debris from the recon-
777
structed building or perhaps a buried soil horizon.
This was in turn covered to the south by offlapping
slope deposit (B12), the latest deposits in the north
part of the trench which contain almost exclusively
heavy grit-tempered Early Chalcolithic ceramics.
Though we have no direct stratigraphic connection
between these deposits and those revealed in the deep
probe in h e southernn~ostend of the trench, we can
at least outline this sequence and suggest some correlations. In the south, the first occupation left some
slope deposit with charcoal (F14), perhaps to be correlated with A2-A4. This was followed by a deposit
with midden material (F15), perhaps correlated with
A5-A7. This was followed by more slope deposit,
capped with a compact surface with pebbles (F16),
perhaps to he correlated with A8-B11. All the layers
in the southern probe below this pebble cap have almost exclusively Early Chalcolithic ceramics. The
pebble cap probably represents an abandonment lasting several centuries (see below).
Immediately above the pebble cap is a midden (F17)
which is the oldest well-preserved deposit with the
cream-colored, chaff-faced Late Chalcolithic ceramics.
Above this, a slope deposit (F18) and midden with
collapsed mud brick (F19) were laid down. The area
was then leveled, a mud brick building (Feature 8)
was built, and its floor packed with broken brick fragments (F20). A thin floor deposit with charcoal lenses
(F21) was followed by a layer of collapsed brick (F22).
The brick heap was leveled 08, and another mud
brick building, represented by a wall (Feature 7), was
built. Its floor deposit and lower mud brick collapse
were taken out as a single unit (F24). Its upper mud
brick collapse was re~noved separately (F25). The
rubble heap just north of the Feature 8 building was
cut by a pit (Feature 9) which was filled with debris
(F23). It is unclear whether the Feature 9 pit was later
than and cuts the wall of Feature 7, or whether it was
fortuitously located where the door through Feature 7
was later placed. After the leveling of' Feature 7, a wall
trench was cut to the north (F26), and a massive
stone footing (Feature 1) was constructed. A slightly
smaller parallel wall (Feature 2) was constructed 1.8
m to the north. O n a compacted surface between the
two walls a relatively clean silt was laid down (D28,
D29), another ephemeral surface was created perhaps
just by trampling, and more clean silt (D30) was laid
778
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
down. These may simply be a packing of clean silt or
pis6 filling a massive stone-faced wall along the south
edge of the mound. The sediments were too weathered and our work was too limited to be certain. T o
the south, or outside of this feature, was a midden
with a number of smashed jars (F27). Inside, to the
north, was another midden (B31) and fill (B 32).
Features
Our small sounding revealed p o r t i o ~ ~ofs five architectural features and one pit. They are discussed below
from oldest to youngest.
Two of the architectural features were built during the
Early Chalcolithic occupation.
- Stone footing (Feature 11, Unit A5). This footing
of angular stones 15-20 cm in length, runs
roughly east-west along the northernmost side of
the trench. The section shows what may be an
eroded remnant of mud brick on this footing. The
wall was more than 0.30 m thick.
- Stone footing (Feahlre 10, Unit A8). This possible
footing of angular stones 10-15 cm in length, running roughly northeast-southwest, is just exposed
in thc northwestern corner of the trench. A n
eroded remnant of mud brick o n this footing was
noted in plan. Thickness is unknown.
Three other architectural features and the pit were
built during the Latc Chalcolithic occupation.
8, Units F20-22).
This substantial, roughly east-westwall was built of
light brown mud bricks measuring approximately
0.28-0.25 x 0.14 x 0.07-0.08 m. These bricks
were laid directly o n a leveled surface, without a
wall trench. The first course was probably laid as
two stretchers (edge-to-edge), the second laid as
four headers (end-to-end) the third as stretchers
and a fourth, badly preserved, as headers. The resulting wall was about 0.70 meters thick. A packing of one layer of brick fragments was laid sout11
of the wall inside the building, and a mud floor
placed over this. No wall plaster was evident.
- Mud brick wall stub (Feature
- Mud brick wall stub (Feature 7, Unit F24-25).
This modest cast-westwall was built of light hrown
mud bricks, at least one of which was partly fired,
measuring 0.28 x 0.14 x 0.08 m. These bricks
were also laid directly o n a leveled surface, without
a wall trench. 'fie bonding and thickness are unclear, and no plaster is evident. The section shows
a rounded depressio~labout 0.90 n~ in Icngth, centered about 12.45 m south of this wall, and a layer
of rounded pebbles centered about 2.15 m south
of this wall, and southwest of the r o u ~ d e ddepression. It is not clear, however, whether these small
features are inside or outside of this wall.
- Pit (Feature 9, Unit F23). This pit was first evident
at a depth of 1.10 m below the level of the floor of
the Feature 7 building, but it may have originated
from a higher surface and cut away much of Feature 7. When first defined, the pit was oval, about
1.10 m north-south and perhaps 1.40 m eastwest. W e did not attempt to reach the bottom of
this pit.
1 and 2, D28-30).
This complex feature is composed of two major
parallel stone walls running roughly east-west, and
several other features. The larger southern footing
was built in a shallow wall trench (F26) with large
angular boulders, each 0.70-.80 m in length. This
footing is roughly 0.95 m wide. Two courses survive, but loose rubble above them suggests that
higher courses have been removed by recent farmers. Boulders of this wall are visible at least four
meters to the west and two meters to the east of
our trench. The smaller northern footing was built
with large angular boulders each 0.40-.50 m in
length. This footing is roughly 0.50 m wiJe. There
is a roughly north-south extension or buttress extending north of this northern footing, visible in
the east section. Two courses also survive, but
loose rubble above these suggests that higher courses have been removed recently. Between the two
major walls, in a space 1.8 m wide, is a n irregular
nortll-south line of stones o n a compacted surface
or floor. If the major walls defined rooms, this
could have been the footing of a light wall between
two rooms. If the major footings were two faces of
a large wall, this line could be a division between
deposits of fill. The fill o n the working surfaces is
remarkably clean, and there arc n o internal feahires or fallen mud bricks. These attributes are
more consistent with the idea that this is a massive
stone-faced wall on the south side of the mound,
- Massive stone footing (Feahlres
u
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chnlcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
rather than a line of rooms. Whether it extended
around the mound is not known.
Other numbered features (3, 4, 5, and 6) were concentrations of sherds, fallen mud bricks, or stones
not articulated with other features, and not meriting
further discussion.
Absolute Chronology
Fatmalt-Kalecik and the related site of Komcutepe, o n
the Alt~nova50 km ESE (van Loon, 1978), have produced a number of samples of Chalcolithic charcoal
adequate for conventional radiocarbon age determinations (Table 2).
Of the Early Chalcolithic samples, the one excavated
at Korucutepe, and associated with a Halaf sherd, is
from the late VIth millennium B.C. The one recovered from an Early Chalcolithic hearth exposed by
deep plowing at Fatmall-Kalecik in 1967 is from the
turn of the VIth millennium. T h e one excavated
from Locus A7, and a short distance above a probable 'Ubaid sherd (A5: Fig. 4n), is from later in the
first half of the Vth millennium B.C. These indicate
that the Early Chalcolithic at Fatmall-Kalecik is from
very late in the VIth millennium and early in the Vth
millennium B.C.
All the Late Chalcolithic samples are from Korucu,
the relevant layers at Fatmall-Kalecik being too weathered and rodent-disturbed to produce acceptable samples. These indicate a date at the turn of the Vth millennium, which is in keeping with other dated sites
from the beginning of the Late Chalcolithic, such as
H a ~ n a met-Turkman (van Loon, 1988). If FatmaliKalecik does indeed date to this time, then our contention based o n the geology that several cenhiries intervened between the two Chalcolithic occupations at
the site is supported.
I l l . Material Remains
O u r record of the artifacts from Fatmali-Kalecik is
that of the notes we made in 1968. Had we access to
the samples, we would record many additional features, such as weights, measures, and evidence of use.
Fominately, our notes have precise artifact counts
and drawings.
779
Ceramics
Three distinctive sets of recurring inclusions, colors,
and other features distinguish three ceramic 'wares.'
-
Dark Grit-tempered Ware has inclusions of much
coarse crushed igneous rock (usually 1-1.5 mm,
but ranging u p to 3 mm in length) and some
chopped vegetal material. The body sherds range
continuously from 0.4 to 1.2 cm in thickness. The
body and surface colors range from dark gray to
brown to, rarely, buff. Surfaces are almost always
burnished, and some vessels are highly polished,
though the graphite-coated surfaces found at Altlnova sites are rare at Fatmalt-Kalecik. The vessels of
this ware appear to have been hand built with
patches of clay. O n e overfired sherd (A10) suggests
potting of burnished grit-tempered vessels at
Fatmall-Kalecik.
The vessel shapes are few and simple. Most are
deep open bowls, both large (Figure 4a-f, h , Figure
5b, d) and small (Figure 4i-1, Figure 5e-h), with
slightly flared sides and slightly tapered, rounded
lips. Some bowls with multiple perforations were
probably used as strainers or sieves (Figure 40).
There are a few shallow (Figure 4m, Figure 5a) or
restricted bowls (Figure 4g). There are a few restricted jars, both larger (Figure 5i-j) and smaller
(Figure 4p, Figure 5k-p) usually with slightly flared
necks and rounded lips, but sometimes with thickened lips (Figure 5p). Lugs and nodes are fairly
common appendages, often o n deep bowls (Figure
4a-d, Figure 5d). Applique strips occur around the
girth of the bowls, sometimes decorated with vertical cuts at irregular intervals (Figure 4e, f, Figure
5d). The only other decorations are an impressed
herringbone design (Figure 41) or fingernail imprints (Figure 5g-h) o n small, deep bowls.
15% chopped
vegetal inclusions. This is probably herbivore dung
rather than actual "chaff" (the glumes and rachises
of threshed grain). Some vessels have small calcite
inclusions. The body sherds are of two thickness
modes: either 0.6 to 1.0 cm or 1.8 to 2.0 cm. Their
body color ranges from brown to cream, with cores
sometimes slightly gray. Surface colors range from
red to light brown or buff to cream. Surfaces are
wet smoothed, but never slipped, and sometimes
- Cream Chaff-faced Ware has up to
780
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
lightly burnished. The larger vessels are probably
hand built, but some small bowls show signs of rotary turning. Many sherds, including the illustrated reconstructed jar (Figure 7 4 , show the marks of
shaving with a scraper. The occurrence of a ceramic ring scraper (Figure 6n) -a type first illustrated
by die Braidwoods in the Late Chalcolithic Amuq
Phase F (Braidwood and Braidwood, 1960: fig.
212:5 ) and interpreted as a ceramic manufacturing tool by John Alden (1988)- indicates potting at
Fa tmall-Kalecik.
The vessel shapes are diverse. Among the open
bowls are those with round lips, tlattened lips (Figure 6a, b), tapered lips (Figure 6c), and interior rim
bands (Figure 6d) or thickening (Figure 60, but
open bowls with exterior rim thickening or
"beading" (Figure 6g, i-m) are predominant. A
miniahire bowl has a red slip (Figure 60). Rare
restricted bowls also have beaded rims (Figure 6h).
Simple restricted jars include those with simple
rims (Figure 7a-c), one with painted decoration
and a spout (Figure 7b), and one with an exterior
band or ledge (Figure 7d). Amcng the conlplex
restricted forms are jars with straight or flared
necks and either simple or slightly thickened
round lips (Figure 7e-h), one ofwhich had a spout
(Figure 70. Also notable are jars with usually
straight necks and flattened, either simply beveled
(Figure 8 a-c) or thickened and flattened rims (Figure 8 d-e), externally thickened or "beaded" rims
(Fikwre 81, g), and heavily rounded rims (Figure
8h-I), some of which have a distinctive groove o n
the inner neck (Figure 83-1). O n e of the latter is
very large (Fig 8 1). Round bases are attested o n
both jars and bowls. T h e only decorations noted
on the Chaff-faced Ware are geometric motifs
painted in red, brown, or black paint (Figure
8ni-o) o n vessels of unknown form.
an import from 'Ubaid settlements in the foothills;
if so, this supports the early Vth millennium date
proposed for the Early Chalcolithic occupation.
Technical study of this sherd is a n important futu re task.
Flaked Stone
Both obsidian and finer flints or cherts were used to
strike flakes and blades. Identification of the sources
of these stones has not yet been possible. Fragments
and exhausted examples of both blade cores and discshaped or amorphous flake cores of both materials
were noted. Obsidian flakes, blades, and blade segments (Figure 9a-b, d , g-k) were used as is, but were
sometimes also maile into endscrapers (Figure 90,
possible burins (Figure 91), or diverse truncated or retouched pieces (Figure 91n-r). Many pieces presently
identified simply as "retouched," would perhaps be
classifiable into recognizable types w ~ t ha larger Sample. A small stemmed projectile point from a Late
Chalcolithic context (F23: Figure 9s) is the most distinctive item recorded.
Flint flakes were used without modification or retouched o n one or two edges to create scrapers (Figure 10a, b, h). Flint blade segments were used as is,
or often with some edge retouch (Figure 10c-e, j, k),
some exhibiting sickle gloss (Figure 10c, j, k). Blades
were also made into endscrapers (Figure 10f-g) and
perforators (Figure 10i). O n e piece may be an unusually manufactured geometric microlith (Figure 1 0 1).
Pebbles and fragments of coarse-grained cherts,
quartzites, and basalt were flaked to produce rough
choppers. Though choppers were found only on the
surface, sharpening flakes were fairly common.
Metal and related materials from
Fatmall-Kalecik
(Contributed by Andreas Hauptmann)
- Fine Ware has either very fine sand or n o evident
inclusions. The body sherds are only 0.2 to 0.5 cm
thick. They are oxidized all the way through, either
very light gray or buff. The surfaces are smoothed
and sometimes lightly burnished. There are n o
rims, and we cannot assess manufacture or vessel
shape. O n e sherd, from an Early Chalcolthic locus
(A5: Figure 4n) with traces of a painted design of
bands, cross-hatching, and a wavy band, is perhaps
Except for a single piece of slag and o n e piece of possible copper ore, items resulting from the smelting
and working of metal were restricted to the Late Chalcolithic deposits. Preliminary study indicates that slags
from the manufacture of arsenical copper bronze and
lead are present. Most important are a number of
pieces of litharge, indicating the cupellation of lead to
separate the silver by the early IVth millennium R.C.
4
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
,
This is concordant with evidence of cupellation and
silver artifacts from contemporary Norsuntepe and
Korucutepe (Brandt, 1978: 61-62) on the Altlnova.
The locativn of this early occurrence is not surprising
as the village of Keban, formerly 'Giimiismaden' or
'silver mine,' with silver-rich lead deposits is only 27
km to the southwest of Fatmall-Kalecik (Baykal and
Erentoz, 1966:98), but its early date is remarkable.
Other Artifacts
Flat mortars or metates are represented hy fragments,
predominantly of vesicular basalt. A few are of sandstone. A circular slate pebble has small pits on both
sides, possibly fro111 a perforation in process (A6: Figure 10m).
Fine stone itcms include beacls (Figure 10q-s), a piece
of a rectangular calcite vessel with an incised design
(B32: Figure lop), and a possible calcite vessel rim
(F2 1).
IV. Plant and Animal Remains
Plant Remains from Fatmall-Kalecik
(Contributed by Willem van Zeist)
Eight samples of dried soil, five frorn Early Chalcolithic contexts and three from Late Chalcolithic con
texts, were processed by water flotation. Carbonized
material removed with a tea strainer was dried and
sent to Gron~ngenfor identification. In general, the
seeds were poorly presrnrecl, but some identifications
were possible. These identifications are presented in
Table 3. I n addition, charcoal collected by hand from
eight units, one from an Early Chalcolithic context
and seven from Late Chalcolithic contexts, was identified.
Fir111 e\7idetlce of cultl\~ateclplants is confined to cereals. One seed fragment (Lguminosar i n k ) may be of
a cultivated legume. The identification of the wheat
grains was hanlpered by poor preservation. O n e
grain could be attributed definitely to emmer wheat
(Triticum d~coccum).Moreover, three samples yielded
chaff (spikelct forks and glurrle bases) of hulled
wheat, most likely emmer wheat. I n addition to
hulled wheat, free-threshing bread wheat and/or hard
wheat (Triticum aestiuum/durum) was probably cultiva ted.
781
Most of the other taxa recovered could have occurred
as weeds in arable fields and other disturbed habitats.
These taxa are frequently recorded from ancient Near
Eastern settlement sites. Scirpus maritimus (sea clubrush) is a marsh plant. The species may have been
brought to the site for nlatting or bedding.
A sample such as 073 with predominantly cereal
grains is likely to have been human food residue. A
sample such as 057 with many small weed seeds
could be materials consumed by sheep or goats and
introduced into the settlement by the burning of
dung. Sample 054 consists predominantly of chaffthe remains of dellusking emmer wheat, a treatment
usually done on a piecemeal basis prior to food preparation. With so few sarnples resulting from such a
diversity of origins, percentages or ubiquity indices of
the different taxa would be ~nisleading.
The wood charcoal samples are, as one would expect,
almost exclusively oak (Quercus sp.), which still occurs on the hills around the site. The one sample of
elm (Lilmus sp. from unit 063), a tree more likely to
occur in lower, wetter areas near streams, might have
been found not far from the site by one of the
springs. None, however, survive in the area today.
These limited samples are withln the range of variability in Chalcolithic samples from contemporary
Korucutepr o n the Altinova Plain to the east (van
Zeist and Bakker-Heeres, 1975). The clry-farming of
grain appears to have been the main focus of plant
husbandry at Fatmall-Kalecik throughout its occupancy, as it was in the area until recently (Hillman,
1973a, b).
Animal Remains from Fatmal
(Contributed by Richard W. Redding)
The faunal remains of Fatmall Kalcclk were studied
in 1969, under the guidance of Kent V. Flannery.
The notes taken in 1969 lack the sophistication of
those that I now record on a faunal sample, hut the
basic data were recorded and the sample is adequate
to provide infornlation on the Chal~olithiceconomy
of this small rural site in central Anatolia.
In this report I will use NISP (number of identified
specimens) to quantify the abundance of each tmon
(Table 4). Further, NISPs will be used to estimate rel-
782
Heriry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
ative abundance by calculating species ratios for the
major taxa (Table 5). 1 did not calculate MNI's (minimum number of individuals) and will not use them.
Unfortunately, although some measurements were
used to make identifications, no measurements were
recorded.
litliic. A ratio of between 5 and 10:l is usually indicative of settlements involved in mixed agriculture and
herding (Redding, 1981 ; 1984). T h e ratios of the
Earliest Chalcolithic and the beginning of the Late
Chalcolithic do not fit this pattern. The most likely
explanation is small sample size.
In this analysis I have grouped the excavation loci in-
I was only able to estimate the relative importance of
to six sub-phases. These include:
sheep and goats at Fatmall-Kalecik for the entire
sample. Of the 171 sheep-goat fragments ten could be
identified to genus: six represent the goat, Capra
hircus, and four represent the sheep, Ovis aries. O n e
of the goat fragments is a horn core and, since domestic sheep tend to be hornless, must be excluded when
calculating a ratio of sheep to goats. Hence, the ratio
of sheep to goats fragments is 0.8:l. This ratio represents consumption. I t reflects the ratcs at which
sheep versus goat bones are entering the deposits.
Since reproductive rates are different for the two taxa
the sheep/goat ratio in the animal population being
exploited will be different. Sheep poducc 0.8 lambs/
e ~ e / ~ e aand
r goats produce 1.2 kids/doe/year (Redding, 1981). These figures applied to the consumption ratio yield a sheep to goat ratio in the population
of 1.2:l. This ratio is a little high to be indicative of
concentration on agriculture production, and is probably indicative of mixed herding and farming (Redding, 1981; 1984), although the high number of
goats is ~musual.
I ) Earliest Chalcolithic: Loci A1 -3
2) Early Chalcolithic: Loci A4-7 and F14-15
3) End of the Early Chalcolithic: Loci A8-10, 81112, and F16
4) Beginning of the Late Chalcolithic: Loci F17-19
5) Middle of the Late Cl~alcolithic:Loci F20-25
6) End of the Late Chalcolithic: h c i F26-27, D2830, and B31-32
Sincc the samples for each sub-phase are small, in
some cases very small, I have had to group sub-phases
in order to examine some variables that provide inforniation on animal management tactics.
The Sample and Taxa
The excavations at Fatmali-Kalecik yielded 426 fragments, of which 261 were assigned to taxa. All of the
material recovered represented mamlnals - no fish,
re~tile.or bird fragments were identified in the sample. This is most likely due to the small sample size.
t
,
L
.
Ouis-Capra - Bone fragments that could be identified
as sheep or goat dominate the sample. Sheep/goats
are represented in the sample by 171 fragments. Only
one horn core fragment was recovered and it was
from a domestic goat. It is likely that all of the sheep
and goats were domestic. Information on management practices for flocks of domcstic sheep and goats
can be derived froin the ratio of sheep and goats to
other domestic taxa, the ratio of sheep to goats, the
age structure of the animals consumed, and the percentage of limb frag~~lerlts
that are from non-meat
bearing elements.
Thc ratio of sheep/goats to cattle and to pigs tor each
sub-phase is provided in Table 5. The ratio of sheep
and goats to cattle is relatively constant, between
6.0: 1 and 6.8: 1, for all sub-phases except the Earliest
Chalcolithic and the Beginning of the Late Chalco-
The age structure of the population of sheep and
goats that were consumed can b r estimated by grouping the fusion data for h l r ~phases, Early Chalcolithic
and Late Chalcolithic. For the Early Chalcolithic
eight fragments provide data o n age: four phalanges,
two fused and two unfused; two proximal feiiiurs,
both unfused; and two distal metapodials, one unfused and one fused. If each of these fragments came
horn a different sheep or goat then two animals were
less than 16 months and one was less than 24
months while two were definitely older than 16
months and only one older than 24 months. For the
Late Chalcolithic five fragments provide data o n agc:
two distal humeri, one unfused and one fused; one
phalanx, unfused; and, two distal metapodials, both
unfused. Again, if each of these fragments came from
a different sheep or goat, then one animal was dcfi
nitely less than 10 months of age, one less than 1 6
months and two less than 24 months, while only one
q
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalrolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
animal is definitely older than 10 months. These data
on age structure suggest that the Early and Late Chalcolithic villagers preferred tc) butcher animals less
than 24 months old.
If sheep and goats are being butchered on the ate,
then fragments should be entering the deposits in
about the proportion they occur in the skeleton.
Given this assumption the expected percentage of
limb fragments coming from non-meat bearing bones
is about 70%. The Early Chalcolithic phase yielded
1 5 meat bearing and 25 non-meat bearing limb fragments, hence 62% of the limb fragments come from
non meat bcaring bones. Tht. Late Chalcolithic phase
yielded 7 meat bearing and 1 3 non-meat-bearing limb
fragments, hence, 65% of the limb fragments corne
fioin non-meat bearins bones. These nunlbcrs indlcate that sheep and goats were butchered o n the site.
Sus scrofa - The pig is the second most abundant
taxon, being reprcsented by 48 fragrnents recovered
in the excavations. None of thc fragments were Ineasurable, but most appear to be in the size range of domeshc pigs. However, two distal limb fragments, an
astragalus with butchering marks and a first phalanx
from a br~ckconstruction unit not included in the
tables, were large enough to be from a wild individual. Pigs are absent in the Earliest Chalcolithic loci and
the ratio of pigs to cattle is low, 0.25:1, in the Early
Chalcollthic (Table 5). This suggests that pigs were
not important in these sub-phases. Pig bone fragments are about twice as common as cattle in the
othcr sub-phases except in the Beglnnlng of the Late
Chalcolithic. Thc lower level of pig in the latter is
most likely due to snlall sample size. Five limb fragmenth in the Fatmall-Kalecik sample provide data o n
fusion and, hence, age struchlre: three unfused distal
metapodials, an unfused first phalanx, and a fused
first phalanx. Since these elements fuse at about 24
months, we have evidence of only one animal living
beyond two years.
Bos taurus - Cattle are represented in the excavations
by 32 bone fragments. None of the fragments were
measurable but all appear to be w i t h ~ nthe size range
of domestic cattle. The relative abundance of cattle to
sheep/goats and pigs was discussed above. In all subphases cattle were much less important than these
other taxa, suggesting that the residents of FatmallKalecik were not involved primarily in agriculture but
783
were using a strategy of agriculture n~ixeclwith herding. Only one limb fragment, an unfused distal metapodial, provides any data o n age structure. The samof limb fragments for all sub-phases includes 8
meat bearing and 12 non-meat-bearing fragments.
The percentage of non-meat-bearing fragments in the
sample of limb fragments is 60%. This is a little less
than the expected 70%, but considering the sample
slze the difference is not noteworthy.
Canis sp. - Four fragments in the Fatmall-Kalecik
samples could be referred to the genus Canis. These
fragments were recovered from Early and Late Chalcolithic loci. No nlandibles or maxillae were recovered
but it likely that these four fragments represent the
dog, C. fcimiliciris. Three bone fragments in the
Fatmali-Kalecik sample exhibited evidence of dog
gnawing.
Vulpes sp. - A fox, probably the red fox, V. e~ulpes,is
represented by two distal limb elements in one unit
in an Early Chalcolithic locus.
Meles meles - A badger is represented hy a single molar tooth from a locus of the end of the Early Chalcolithic.
Le~uscapensic - The hare is represented in the excavations by three fragments. These three fragments arc
from loci of the Early Chalcolithic and end of Earlv
Chalcolithic (Table 4). Also, interestingly, all three
fragments are from the same element, the distal tibia.
O n e of these distal tibiae was modified and used as a
tool.
Rodentia - A single limb fragment from a medium,
rat-sized rodent was recovered froin a late Early Chalcolithic locus. It could not be identified to genus.
Summary and conclusion
The faunal remains from Fatrnali-Kalecik present a
picture of a village involved in agriculture and herding. The relative numbers of sheep, goats, and cattle
indicate that the area around the vlllage had both agricultural fields and open areas for pasture. The area
was not heavily farmed. Sheep and goats were herded
around the site with the number of beep slightly exceeding the number of goats In the flocks. The goal
of the herders seems to have been maximizing herd
security: i.e., they were trying to minimize fluctuations
i n yields from the flock. Sheep and goats were
784
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
butchered and consulned locally. Domestic pigs were
consumed and undoubtedly supplemented meat consulnption from the herds of sheep, goat, and cattlc.
They were probably maintained in the village by individual households. Cattle were present around the
site in relatively low numbers. They were probably
kept primarily for milk production or traction.
This summary applies to the End of the Early Chalcolithic, the Middle of the Latc Chalcolithic and the
End of the Late Chalcolithic. The Earliest Chalcolithic and the Early Chalcolithic also seem to be involved in mixed farming and herding but the absence
of pigs in these sub-phases may indicate that the occupants of Fatmall-Kalecik at these times were more
mobile; perhaps part of the population was seasonally
nomadic. The relative abundance of sheep, goat, cattle, and pigs in the Beginning of the Late Chalcolithic
units also does not At the pattern described above.
However, the sample size for the units comprising
this sub-phase is extremely small. Until we have
larger samples I am not willing to assume that the
subsistence tactics employed by the earliest Late Chalcolithic occupants of Fatn~all-Kalecikdiffered from
those of earlier and later sub-phases.
The summary of the fauna at Fatmah-Kalecik povided above must be viewed as very tentative. As noted
throughout this report all the conclusions are based
o n a very small sample size. However, given this caveat the pattern exhibited by the fauna is consistent.
The states of the variables that provide data on subsistence tactics for sheep and goats, cattle and pig do
not provide contradictory information. This demonstrates the power of an approach to faunal analysis
that is based on developing and testing the predictions of models of animal use.
V. Distributional Analysis
The artifacts recovered from the Fatmall-Kalecik excavations initially were divided into quite fine and detailed categories, so that various nuances in their
quantitative distributiot~sand associations might be
detected. This was done with the idea of eventuallv recombining many or most of these categories into
larger, more general and useful ones which were internally consistent in both their typological and their
archaeological significance (Table 6).
The counts tabulated for all depositional loci were
converted into denslties (number per m3)in order to
retnove the unwanted effects of variation in the size of
our excavation units from the comparative analysis of
artifact frequencies.
A first general overview of the data indicated that a
number of artifact categories showed significant variations in their frequencies of occurrence within the
excavated pvrtion of the site. Some of these differences were expected on typological and chronological
grounds, such as the striking differential distribution
of Dark Grit-tempered Ware vs. Cream Chaff-faced
Ware, but others were somewhat of a surprise.
Several categories of material appeared uniformly prc
sent throughout the excavated depobita and had littlc
further to tell us about either chronological or functional variability in the excavated area. The remaining
categories were examined for significant chronological differences, based in the first instance on tile clear
stratigraphical break in the depositional sequence between earlier and later Chalcolithic deposits, indicated in one part of the stratigraphy by the pebble cap
of Locus F16, which most likely signals a period of
abandonment of this site (see above).
The results of this quantitative study of the chronological distributions of the Fatmall-Kalecik ceramics
were most interesting, not the least for their significance in refining our pottery typologies for the range
of time.
Cream Chaff-faced Ware
All varieties of Cream Chaff-faced Ware (oxidized or
reduced; red or buff; thin, medium, or thick; bowl,
jar, or beaded rim bowl) were positively associated
with each other both chronologically and among all
the loci of their occurrence. They occur virtually exclusively in the later depositional history of this site, with
only a trace in Loci A9 and A10, where they must
represent a very slight admixture of late deposits in
these essentially early deposits. In the later deposits,
to which these ceramics basically appear restricted,
they cotlstitute normally between 12% and over 50%
of all pottery, averaging close to 3096, being, thus, a
diagnostic ware for the Late Chalcolithic period.
Investigations a1 Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcc~ l i t h i cHamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
Dark Grit-tempered Ware
The Dark Grit-tempered Ware, however, exhibits
quite different trends of distribution over time, depending o n its specific varieties of firing, surface treatment, and form.
In general, oxidized and burnished or polished varieties show no differential association with either earlier o r later occupations at Fatmall-Kalecik -with the
exception of certain decorative elements and of vessel
forms that can be identified from n m sherds. Bowl
rims and small bowl rims are significantly associated
with the Early Chalcolithic period of occupation, as
arc the distinctive applique strips decorated with vertical cuts. Jar rims, o n the other hand, are significantly associated with the later occupation. These latter are the forms from which a J i t e Chalcolithic Grit
Tempered Ware was identified for the analysis of the
KeLan aunrey materials (Whallon, 1979:22).
More broadly, reduced-fired, burnished sherds of this
ware are significantly more common in the Early
Chalcolithic period of occupation, while unburnished varieties of Dark Grit-tempered ware, both oxidized and reduced-fired, are significantly more frequent in the Late period.
785
range of activities cal-I-iedout at this site, from little indication of processing or use of metals in the Early
Chalcolirhic to relatively regular metal-working in the
Later Chalcolithic.
Remains of plaster also were significantly Inore cornmon in the Late Chalcolithic levels of our excavations. This is probably simply a reflection of the fact
that architectural remains are larger and more frequent in the later deposits in the area chosen for excavation.
Animal bones were not abundant, so the only possible aspect that could be studied effectively was the
species represented. There were three common species: cattle, pig, and sheep/goat, all of which exhibited similar distributions within the excavated area
of this site. There were no trends for any species to
he significantly more o r less frequent by period, although we may note the fact that pig is totally absent
from the lowermost levels of the Early Chalcolithic.
VI. Concluding Remarks
A partic~~larly
interesting categoq of finds at Fatma11-
Fatmall-Kalecik was first occupied as a small settlement without evidence of mud brick buildings. The
fauna from the earlicst Early Chalcolithic layers could
be that of a seasonal herding group, and it is notable
that the earliest levels lack definite sickle blades,
grinding stones, and evidence of grain winnowing
and cleaning. However, even if the earliest occupants
were not cultivating and processing grain themselves,
the,. clearly had access to supplies of hot11 wheat and
barley. Before long, however, stone-founded mud
brick buildings were constructed, pigs were added to
the inventory of domestic animals, and a full range of
grain processing tools and debris were present, indicating that by the niidclle of the Early Chalcolithic
period the farming hamlet was well established. A
few tools indicate such household crafts as stone
knapping, potting, and spinning; the high density of
"strainers" may indicate special food preparation, and
the diversity of retouched obsidian blade tools hints
at domestic activities not yet identified.
Kalecik was that of metal-working debris -ore, slag,
litharge (originally misidentified as "crucible fragments"), and metal scraps. These items are almost
exclusively found in the late period deposits here.
This indicatcs, surely, a functional change in the
This small settlement had several neighbors (Fibwre
1). Only 1.2 km to the south-southeast was Kurupinar, a s~nallsite 125 by 100 m in size with identical
ceramics (French, 1973). In the valley bottom terraces
of the Murat Su, 3.5 kni to the north-northeast was
Other Artifact Classes
Strainers, all of Dark Grit-tempered Ware, are found
exclusively in the later Early Chalcolithic occupation
deposits. Their precise function is unknown, 31though it has often been assumed that they were used
in some aspect of food preparation, of which cheesemaking often has been suggested. Unfortunately, we
have no other information from these excavations o r
the artifacts themselves which would help to clarify
the interpretation of these objects. Certainly the lack
of any statistical trend for the association of cattle remains with these earlier layers, as opposed to the later
deposits (see below), dues not argue for any more intensive llse of cattle or of their milk during the occupation in which the strainers occur here.
786
Henry
r. Wright, RoberL Wliallon
Cayboyu (N52/9),another small site, which was
probably 80 meters in diameter before being cut by a
stream. Here excavation revealed substantial stone
wall footings, and a simple ceramic inventory also
identical to that of Fatmall-Kalecik (Aksoy and
Diamant, 1973). Though the terrace o n which Caybcjy~iis situated is ideal for small-scale irrigation, we
do not yet have information o n the plant or animal
remains retrieved from the site and cannot assess the
possibility that the particular mix of productive
strategies at Cayboyu was different. Survey revealed
no larger Early Cha1cc)lithiccenter to which this small
cluster of hamlets might have been affiliated, in contrast to the settlements of the Alunova to the east
which were spaced regularly around Nor~untepe
(Whallon, 1979:265-266; Figure 193). It is possible
that the inhabitants of the sites of the Asvan area
received such locally unavailable items as obsidian
through the Altlnova sites. Othelwise, the only other
evidence of exchange - a bead and a n 'Ubaid pomry
vessel - is paltry. That the stylistic features of the local
Early Chalcolithic ceramics show no particular relation with those of nearby areas, is another indication
of the relative isolation of this area early in the fifth
millennium.
All three harnlet sites were also occupied earlier in the
fourth millennium, though both Fatmall-Kalecik and
Cayboyu have evidence of a stratigraphic hiatus during the later fifth millennium. The Late Chalcolithic
patterns of animal husbaudty and grain cultivation
were sinlilar to those of the Early Chalcolithic.
However, both domestic life and hroader social and
ecorlomic relations had changed in several respects.
The diversity of obsidian and flint tools declined, but
roughly tllc same amounts seem to have been procured. There was a much wider range of ceramic
forms. Deep bowls and jars were still made by hand
as in carlier times. In addition, many Late Chalcolithic VCSSC~S were nlanufachlred in a different way,
with somc use of rotation and of specialized scrapers,
and with a higher firing tempcrahlre under oxidizing
c o n d ~ t i o n ssuggestirlg an enclosed kiln. These
ceramics are very similar to earlier Late Chalcolithic
assenlblages in the foothills to the south, for example
Hactnebi A o n the Middle Euphrates (Pollock and
Coursey, 1995) and Hammam et-Turkman VA in the
Balikh Valley (van Loon, 1988), and it is possiblc
that a network of interrelated or even itinera~ltpotters
was supplying all these early fourth-millenniu~ucommunities. In exchange for supplies of stone and the
services of potters, the villagers of Fatmall-Kalecik
could provide not only the p r o d ~ ~ cof
t s their herds or
fields, but also their own exceptional craft products.
In the rooms and courtyards of the Late Chalcolithic
cc)mnlunity revealed by our small trench, were concentrations of possible ore and slag froin the smelting
of copper and lead, as well as litharge resulting from
the separation of silver from lead by cupellit'ion.
Though these samples are still undergoing metallurgical analysis, the preliminary results assure us that a
relatively sophisticated processing of metals was
taking place not only in large centers such as Norsuntepe, where we might expect such specialized production, but also in tiny hamlets. Future studies of smelting feahlres and the vessels used in cuppellation, of
ingots and finished artifacts, and of the incidence of
lead and other nletals in human bone will be needed
to establish precisely the kind of specialists who
worked in these upper Euphrates communities and h
ow their activittes were organized. Whatever the
result, we can already be certain that economic
specialization as a regional phenomenun was established before "urban centers" arose in northern
Mesopotamia. Certainly, we must excavate and study
small communities in additton to larger centers if we
are to understand the economic bases of the early
civilizations.
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet i r ~t h e Upper Euphrates Valley
787
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1973
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ALDEN,J o l - 1 ~R., "Ceramic rlng scrapers: an Uruk period potrely
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1988
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ERENTOZ,Sivcls: Explunatory text of the
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BRANDT, ROELOF W., "The Other Chalcolitllic Finds." In
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Korucutepe 2 , e~iite~l
by Mar~ritrN.van Loon, pp. 6 1 ~
63. Amstvrda~n:North-Holland.
FRENCH,D.&vIu, " K u r ~ ~ p ~ nAnatolian
~ ~ r . " Studies XXlII:92~95.
1973
HA[-IPTMANN,
HAKALD,"Nor:untepe."
1969/70
19/20:21-78.
Istanbuler Mitteilungen
HILLMAN,
GORDON,"Agricr~ln~ral
resources and settlement in thc
19731
Asvan region." Anatolian Studies XXIII:217-224.
1973b
"Agricultural proiiuctivity and p a t population potential
at Asvan." Anatolian Studies XXIII:225-24G.
KO~TEN,i. KILIC, "1945 Yll~niiaTiirkTarill Kurumu Aii~naYap~lan
1947
Tarihtincesi A r a ~ t ~ r m a l a r ~Turk
."
Tarih Kurumu,
Belleten 11: 431-472.
POLLOCK,SUSANANI) CHERYL
COIJKSEY,
i'Crra~nicsfrom Hac~nrhi
I995
Tepe: chronoloLy and connrctio~~s."
Anatolica XXI:
102-141.
REDDING, K.W., Decision Making in Subsistence Herding of Sheep
1981
and Goats in the Middle East. Doctoral Dissertation,
University <if Michigan. A n n Arbor: University
Microfilms.
"Theoretical cieter~ninants of a herder's iiecisions:
modeling variation in the shrep/goat ratio." In
Anitnclls aitd Archaeologq: 3. Early Herders ant1 their
Flocks, edited by J. Clutton-Rrock and C. Grigson, pp.
161-170. British Archaeological Reports, International
Series, No. 202.
SCHWARTZ,
GLENNM. AND STEVEN E. FALCONER,
Archneological
1994
Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in
early Coinplex Societies. Washington: Smiihsuni;~n
Institution Press.
vAU
LOON, MAURITS N. Kontcutepe. Anrsterdam: North Hollanii.
1978
1988
Hainmum et-Turkmun I. Istanbul: H~stor~sch-Archaeolog~achInstitut.
ZEIST,WILLEM
AhD J.A.H. RAKKER-HEERES.
"l'rehistoric and
1975
earlv historic plant husbandry in the Alunova Plain,
southeastern Turkey." In Korucutepe I , edited by
Maurits N. van Loon, pp. 221 -257. Amsterdam: North
Holland.
VAN
Z E I S I ,WILLEM
A N D S.BOTTEI\.IA,
Late Quaternary Vegetation
1991
of the Near East. WiesbaJm: Ludwig Rrichert.
VAN
WAGSTAFF,
MALCOLM,"Physical geography and scttlrnients."
1973
Anatolian Studies XXlII:I97~215.
WHALLON,RODERT,Ail Archaeological Survey of thc Kcbail
1979
Reservoir of East-Central Turkey. Meruoir of the
Museum of Anthropolohy, University of Michigan, No.
11. An11 Arbor: Museum of Anthropology.
W ~ I A L L OROBERT
N,
A N D HENRYT. WRIGHT,
"1968 Fatmall-Kalecik
1970
Excavations: Preliminary Report." In 1968 Summer
Work, pp. 67-71. Keban Project Publication Serics I.
Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
Henry T. Wrighl, Robert Whallon
Table 1. Fatmall-Kalecik locus descriptions.
Locus
Units
Vol. (m3) Sediment
Interpretation
0.23
0.23
0.37
Gray silt with pebbles
Gray silt, ash, charcoal layers
Natural surfiace
Exterior surfaces
Mottled gray-brown silt with
charcoal and pebbles
Midden
Gray silt with pebbles, and
charcoal layer at base
Slope deposit and
exterior surfaces
Midden outsiile wall
Early Chalcolithic Loci
A1
A2
A3
075
074
071,072,073
Dark brown silt, charcoal
Dark brown silt
Mottled brown silt, charcoal
Mottled brown silt, mud brick
fragments, charcoal
Dark brown silt
Mottled brown silt,
hrick fragments
Dark brown silt
Light gray silt
Mottled brown silt, charcoal
Mottled brown ;and gray silt, ash, charcoal
Mottled brown silt with pebble cap
Slope deposit
Slope deposit, Midden
Slope deposir, Midden
and hrick collapse
Slope deposit
Brick collapse, Slope
deposit
Slope deposit
Slope deposit
Slope deposit
Midden. Slope deposit
Slope deposit
Late Chalcolithic Loci
Fl'i
F18
F19
050,051,054
044,046,048
037,040,043
Gray silt, ash, charcoal with pebble cap
Dark brown silt with charcoal, pebbles
Dark brown silt, charcoal, pcbblcs,
brick fragments
Light gray silt o n hrick
Brown silt, charcoal lens
Brown silt, brick fragments
Brown silt, rocks, sherds
Brown silt, brick fragments
Mottled brown silt, brick fragments
Midden, Slope deposit
Slope deposit
Midden, Brick collapse
Floor o n packing
Fill o n floor
Brick collapse, Floor
Pit fill
Floor, Brick, Collapse
Brick cvllapse
Dark brown silt
Wall trench fill
Brown silt, rocks, vessels
Midden
Gray silt
Fill o n surface
Gray silt
Gray silt
Fill
Fill on surface
Dark brown silt
Fill or Midden inside wall.
Fill on surface.
Leveling fill
Mottled brown silt
Mottled gray silt
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
Table 2. 1 4 c age determinations for Fatmall-Kalecik and related sites.
Llh Nu.
Site/ Locus
Reference
5568 half-lifc
Early Chalcolithic Determinations
P-1929
Korucu V [Halat]
(van Loon 1978:8)
GrN-5284
Fatmall-Kalecik Hearth
with Early Chalcolithic
ceramics cut by plow
GrN-5285
Fatmall-Kalecik A7
Early Chalcolitl~icmidden
Late Chalcolithic Determinations
GrN-5286
Korucu XXX
GrN-5287
Korucu XXX
GrN-6775
Korucu XXXI
P-1928
Kcm~cuXXXV
(van Loon1 978:8)
(van Lonn1978:8)
(van L*)on1978:8)
(van Loon1 97823)
Table
Calibra~edAge
2 slgnla range
5260 B.C.
5190-5070 B.C.
5420-5070 B.C.
5230-4960 B.C.
+ 70
4590 B.C.
4770-4460 B.C.
*
4230 B.C.
4220-4160 B.C.
4330 B.C.
3960 B.C.
4330-4050 B.C.
4310-4010 B.C.
4450-41 50 B.C.
4220-3720 B.C.
*
6309 h.p. 71
61 75 b.p. + 50
5760 b.p.
5370 h.p. 40
5330 b.p. +- 40
5455 b.p. k 60
5145 b.p. k 60
3. Fatmali-Kalecik botanical remains.
Early Chdcolitl~icLoci
Weight (kg):
073
3.35
071
8.15
060
1.50
Late Cl~alcolithicLnci
059
5.20
Triticun~sp.
2
Triticuin dicoccum
Triticun~cf. aestrvl~mn/ciurunl Triticum spikelet forks
Triticum glume bases
Hordeum (hulled)
Cereal grain fragments
(converted to whole grains)
B r c ~ n ~ sp.
r~s
Gramineae indet.
7
Leguminosae indet
+
Arnebia decumbens
Lithosperm urn teniriflonrm
Silcnc sp.
1
--
054
2.35
048
2.50
--__
037
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
3.15
1
5
+
1
30
1
3
1
2
Medicago s p.
Trigondln astroites type
EL__
2.10
3
1
2
1
1
Cruciferae indet.
Lahiatae indet.
Polygonurn sp.
S o l a ~ l u nni;urun~
~
Unidentified seeds
5
+
2
20
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
790
Table 4. IVISP (number of identified specimens) for each taxon and for unidentified
categories presented by sub-phase for the Chalcolithic loci of Fatmall-Kalecik.
-
Taxon/Category
Early Chalcolithic
Earliest Early
End
Late Chalcolithic
Begin Middle End
'Iotal
Sheep-Goat
(Sheep)
(Goat)
Pig
Cattle
Canid
Fox
Badger
Hare
Rodent
Rib
Vertebra
Unidentified
Table 5. Species ratios, based on NISP, for the domestic taxa presented
Chalcolithic loci of Fatmall-Kalecik.
Sub-phase
Early Chalcolithic
Earliesc
Early
End
Late
Chalcolithic
Beginning
Middle
End
Sheep and Goat/
Cattle
Sheep and Goat/
Pig
by sub-phase for the
Pid
Cattle
Table 6. Condensed artifact counts from Fatmali-Kalecik.
Grit Rd Grit Rd Grit Rd Grit Dp Grit Sm Grit
Grit
Bu Thn Bu Med Bu Thk N B Thn N B Med NB Thk Bu Thn Bu Med Bu Thk NB Thn N B Med NB Thk Aol Rm Bol Rm Impr Str Strainr
Locus Period Vol m3 Grit O x Grit O x Grit O x Grit O x Grit O x Grit O x Grit Rd G r ~ Rd
t Grit Rd
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A13
B11
B12
F14
F15
F16
Fli:
F1S
F19
F20
F21
F22
FL3
F24
F25
F26
F27
D28
D29
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Late
Late
Late
Late
Late
L~te
Late
Late
Lare
Late
Late
Late
Late
D30 Late
R i l Late
B32 Late
B33 Late
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a ~ h a l c o l i t h i cHamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
Table 6 (cont.). Condensed artifact counts from Fatmali-Kalecik.
Locus Period
Vol
rn3
Flint
Flint
Obsdn
Obsdn
Obsdn
Ohsdn
Coarse
Heavy
Bone
Bonr
Bonr
Blade
Other
Lg Flk
Srn Flk
Blade
Other
Flk
Stone
Pig
Cow
Shp-Gt
A1
Early
0.23
1
0
0
4
1
1
1
0
0
A2
Early
0.23
1
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
A3
Early
0.37
0
5
0
2
2
2
6
0
0
A4
Early
0.36
1
I
0
7
1
0
0
0
0
A5
Early
0.32
1
I
0
1
I
1
0
0
0
A6
Early
0.56
0
0
0
3
1
0
I
0
0
,47
Early
0.79
0
1
0
5
'0
0
3
1
1
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Early
Late
Late
Late
Late
F22
Late
0.25
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
F23
Late
0.23
0
4
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
F24
Late
0.42
0
0
0
4
1
3
1
I
3
F25
Late
0.62
2
0
0
4
2
0
4
1
6
F26
Late
0.01
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
0
D28
Late
0.19
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
1
0
D29
Late
0.53
1
1
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
D30
Late
0.1 7
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
B31
Lzte
0.87
1
6
5
15
0
5
2
0
3
B32
kte
0.48
0
3
0
3
1
1
5
0
1
B33
Late
0.32
0
1
0
2
2
1
4
0
0
794
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
Figure 1 Map of the
immediate area.
0
-m
L
15
'
(2.0
Excavation
(
Figure 2 Contour map
o i the moclnd.
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
796
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
Figure 4 Burnished grit-tempered vessels from Fatmall-Kalecik: Early Chalcolithic loci.
a. Deep bowl with lug ( A 8 10591): Dia. 26 cm, Exterior surface mottled light gray and brown (7.5YR
5/2), lnterior surface light brown (7.5 YR 6/4), Core dark gray ( N 4).
b. Deep bowl with lug ( F15 10601): Dia. 33 cm, Exterior surface very pale brown, lnterior surface
light brown, Core dark gray.
c. Deep bowl with lug ( A 8 10551): Dia. 26 cm, Exterior surface grayish brown (1 0YR 5/2), lnterior
surface light yellowish brown ( I OYR 6/4), Core very dark gray (10YR 3/1).
d. Deep bowl with lug ( F 16 10561): Dia. ca.38 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces light yellowish
brown, Core dark gray.
e. Applique strip with imprints ( B 72 10021): Exterior Surface mottled reddish brown and pale brown,
lnterior surface reddish gray, Core dark brownish gray, orientation uncertain.
f.
Deep bowl with applique' strip ( A8 (05.51): Dia. ca.25 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces dark
grayish brown ( I OYR 4/2), Core very dark gray (1 0YR 3/11.
g. Deep restricted bowl ( A6 10651): Dia. ca.24 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces mottled dark gray,
Core dark gray.
h. Deep b o w l ( F 16 10561): Dia. ca.22 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces pale brown, Core light gray
brown.
i.
Small b o w l ( A 5 10681): Dia. 18 cm, Exterior surface mottled light brown, Interior surface mottled
very pale brown, Core dark gray.
j.
Small bowl ( A 10 10261): Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces moltled dark gray, Core dark gray.
k. Small b o w l ( A 10 10041): Dia. ?, Exterior surface mottled very light gray, lnterior surface grayish
brown, Core gray.
I.
Small bowl with herringbone impressions ( A 10 10391): Dia. 2 0 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces
mottled brownish gray (70YR 6/2), Core light gray (N 6).
m. Small shallow bowl ( A 5 (06811: Dia. ca. 6 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces dark brown, Core
reddish brown.
n. Black o n buffpainted sherd (A5 10681): 5 % small dark grit inclusions. Surfaces and core very pale
brown, Pale brown matte paint.
o. Strainer ( F 15 10601): Dia. 13 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces dark brown (10YR 4/3), Core dark
gray (N 4).
p. Small everted jar rim ( A 10 10081): Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces black, Core very dark
grayish brown.
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrate5 Vdlley
\:-i
e -'
.
--
-
-.
I-:.: I:-..
-
-
-:,,.
-~
.
.
.
--
:!>., '
,--'
+.. ,$.:y
-
J
-
Figure 4 Burnished grit-tempered vessels from Fatrnalr-Kalecik: Early Q~alcolithicloci [see p.786).
798
Henrv T. Wright, Robert Whallon
Figure 5 Burnished grit-tempered vessels from Fatmall-Kalecik: Late Chalcolithic loci.
a. Plain bowl ( B3 1 [O 161): Dia. 24 cm, Exterior surface mottled gray and black, lnterior surface very
dark gray, Core gray.
b. Deep bowl ( B3 1 [O 7211: Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces mottled gray and reddish brown,
Core very gray.
c. Stnall heavy bowl ( F 17 [054]): Dia. ? 17, Exterior surface light gray, lnterior surfaces light brown,
Core dark gray.
d. Deep bowl with applique strip and lug ( 932 [0061): Dia. ca. 65 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces
grayish brown ( 1 OYR 5/3), Core very dark gray (N 3).
e. Small deep bowl ( 83 1 10121): Dia. 17 cm, Exterior surface grayish brown (7.5YR 4/21, lnterior
surface black (N 2), Core very dark gray ( 1 OYR 3/1).
f.
Small deep bowl ( B31 [01211: Dia. 22 cm, Exterior surface grayish brown (IOYR 4/2), lnterior
surface dark gray (10YR 4/1), Core very dark gray ( 1OYR 3/71.
g. Small deep bowl w i t l ~impressions ( F25 [0091): Dia. 7 5 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces grayish
brown (10YR 5/21, Core dark gray ( N 4).
h. Small deep bowl with impressions ( F24 10151): Dia. ?, Exterior surface light brown, lnterior
surface light grayish brown, Core dark gray.
i.
High everted neck jar ( F 1 8 [044]): Dia. ?, Exterior surface grayish brown. lnterior surface brown,
Core brown.
j.
High everted neck jar ( B32 [006]): Dia. ?, Exterior surface light brown. lnterior surface gray
brown, Core dark gray. '
k. Low everted neck jar ( F23 102 11): Dia. 1 8 cm, Surfaces and core very dark gray.
I.
Low everted neck jar ( F24 10 151): Dia. 16 cm, lnterior and exterior surfaces brown (7.5 YR 6/4),
Core dark gray (N 4).
m. Low everted neck jar ( F23 [OZl]): Dia. 22 cm, Exterior surface dark brown, lnterior surface
brown, Core dark grayish brown.
n. Low everted neck jar ( F27 10031): Dia. 18 cm, Surfaces and core reddisl~gray.
o. Low everted neck jar ( F 17 10511): Dia. ?, lnterior and exterior surfdces very dark gray, Core dark
gray.
p. Band rim jar ( F23 [021]): Dia. ?, lnterior and exterior surfaces dark gray, Core very dark gray.
Investigations at Fatrnalr Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
--
Figure 5 Burnished grit-tempered vessels from Fatmalr-Kalecik: I ate Chalcolit~iicloci (see p.780).
A
800
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
Figure 6 Late Chalcolithic chaff-faced bowls from Fatmall-Kalecik.
a. Bowl wit11 flattened lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 23 cm, Surfaces and core brown.
b. Bowl wit11 flattened lip ( F23 10291): Dia. ?, Exterior surface mottled light reddish brown and dark
gray. lnterior surface light brown, Core very dark gray.
c. Bowl with tapered and flattened lip ( F24 [0151): Dia. 33 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces very
pale brown (7.5YR 7/4), Core light gray (N 6).
d. Bowl with interior band ( F24 [015]): Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces light yellowish brown
(1OYR 7/4), Core dark gray (N 4).
e. Bowl with exterior rim thickening ( F24 10151): Dia. 23 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces light
yellowish hrown (1OYR 7/4), Core light gray (1OYR 6/1).
f.
Bowl with interior rim thickening ( F26 [0141): Dia. ?, Exterior surface very dark gray, lnterior
surface mottled light gray, Core very dark gray.
g. Bowl with beaded lip ( F25 10071): Dia. 23 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces light reddish brown,
Core dark gray.
h. lncurved bowl with beaded lip ( B32 [0061): Dia. 23, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale
brown, Core light gray.
i.
Bowl with beaded lip ( F21 [0321): Dia. 4 1 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces pale brown (7.5YR
7/4), Core gray ( 7.5YR 5/01.
j.
Bowl with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 34 cm, Exterior surface (1 0YR 7/3), lnterior surface dark
gray (1 0YR 5/1), Core light brown( 7.5YR 7/41.
k. Bowl with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 3 1 cm, Exterior surface mottled hrown (1OYR 5/3), lnterior
surface brown (1OYR 4/71, Core light brown ( 7.5YR 6/4).
I.
Deep bowl (?) with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 22 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale
brown, Core light gray.
m. Small bowl with beaded lip ( F24 (0151): Dia. ca. 18 cm, Exterior surface light brown, lnterior
surface light reddish brown, Core gray.
n. Ring scraper ( F2.5 10091): Dia. 9 cm, Surfaces and core light reddish brown (5YR 7/41.
o. Very small bowl ( 0 3 0 [0051): Dia. ca. 4 cm, Surfaces and core very pale brown, Exterior and
interior red slip.
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet i n the Upper Euphrates Valley
Figure 6 Late Chalcolithic chaff-iaced bowls from Fatmall-Kalecik (see p.790).
802
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
Fig~lre7 Late Chalcolitliic chaff-faced jars from Fatmall-Kalecik.
a. Small incurved jar ( B3 1 [018]): Dia. 1 1 cm, Exterior surface mottled light gray and very pale
brown, lnterior surface pale browri, Core light grayish brown.
h. Incurved jar with spout ( F18 [048]): Dia. ?, Exterior arid interior surfaces pale brown, Core gray,
Slip very pale brown, Reddish paint.
c. lncurved jar ( F23 [029]): Dia. 14 cm, Exterior surface pale brown, lnterior surface dark gray
browri, Core gray.
d. Neckless ledge rim jar ( F24 [O 131): Dia. 20 cm, Exterior light brownish gray ( 1 OYR 6/21, Iriterior
surface and core very dark gray (N 3).
e. Flared neck jar with rounded lip( F27 [003]): Dia. 1 1 cm, Exterior and interior surtaces very pale
brown, Core gray.
f. Flared neck jar with rounded lip and spout ( B3 1 [012]): Dia. 18, Exterior and interior surfaces
white ( 1 0YR 8/41, Core light gray (1 0YR 7/1).
g. Flared neck jar with thickened lip ( B31 [0/8]1: Dia. 12, Exterior surface light reddish browri,
lnterior surtace pale brown, Core dark gray.
h. Flared neck jar with thickened lip ( F24 [015]): Dia. ca. 16 cm, Surfaces and core brown (7.5YR
4/21.
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet i n the Uppcr Euphrates Valley
803
-c.
a.
0
3-
crn
'
I
I
Figure 7 Late Chalcolithic chaff-faced jars from Fatmall-Kdlec ik (see p. 792).
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
804
Figure 8 Late Chalcolithic chaff-faced jars from Fatmalr-Kalecik.
a. Flared neck jar with flattened lip ( Ft. 8 bricks 10251): Dia. ca.20 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces
reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), Core lig11t reddish brown (10YR 6/4).
b. Straight neck jar with flattened lip ( F24 /015/): Via. 26 cm, Surfaces and core ligl~tbrown (7.5YR
7/4).
c. Straight neck jar with flattened lip ( F24 [0131): Dia. 13 cm, Exterior and interior surfaces very
pale brown, Core gray.
d. Flared neck jar with thickened and flattened lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 2.3cm, Exterior and interior
surfaces light hrown (7.5YR 7/4), Core light brownish gray (10YR 6/2).
c. Flared neck jar with thickened and flattened lip ( F24 10151): Dia. 22 cm, Surfaces and core light
brown (7.5YR 7/4).
f
Straight neck jar with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. ?, Exterior and interior surfaces cream to very
pale brown, Core gray.
.
Straight neck jar with beaded lip ( F24 10151): Dia. ca..35, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale
brown (1OYR 7/4), Core gray (N 5).
h. Jar with heavy rounded lip ( F23 [021]): Dia. 24, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale brown
Core gray.
i.
Large jar with rounded lip ( F24 [O 1.31):Dia. 22, Exterior surfaces white, lnterior surface very pale
brown, Core gray.
j.
Large jar with grooved rour~drim ( F23 10211): Dia. ca.40, Exterior surfaces very pale brown,
Interior surface light brown, Core dark gray.
k. Large jar with grooved round rim ( F25 (0091): Dia. ca.30, Exterior and interior surfaces very pale
hrown, Core pale brown.
I.
Very large jar ( F2.3 [0211): Dia. ca.60, Exterior surfaces very pale brown (1OYR 7/4), lnterior
surface reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), Core light brown is11 gray (1OYR 6/2). Orientation uncertain.
m. Painted sherd ( F29 [0231): Surfaces and core light reddish gray (5YR 6/3), Weak red (10R 4/4)
paint.
n. Painted sherd ( F 17 10511): Surfaces and core very pale brown (1OYR 8/4), Pale red (1OR 6/3)
paint.
o. Painted sherd ( F29 [023]): Exterior and interior surfaces light gray ( 7 0YR 7/2), Core gray (10YR
5/1), Very dark grayist~brown (1OYR 3/2) paint.
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a Chalcolithic Hamlet i n the Upper Euphrates Valley
Figure 8 Late Chalcolithic chaff-faced jars from Fatmali-Kalecik (see p.794)
805
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
806
Figure 9 Flaked obsidian items from Fatmall-Kalecik.
a. Flake with retoucl~(L: F23 10291).
b. Flake fragment or large blade segment with light retouch.
c. Pi6ce esqui1li.e (L: F 17 10541).
d. Blade segment with utilization (L: D29 10191).
e. Flake fragment with inverse retouch (L: F24 [0151).
f. Endscraper on blade (L: F 7 8 10441).
g. Distal fragment of large b/ade (E: B 12 [04 11).
11. Proximal fragment of blade (E: B 1 1 [035]).
i.
Proximal frdgrner~tof blade with notch (E: F 16 [056/).
j.
Blade fragment with notch (E: B 12 [002]).
k. Blade segment (E:A3 [071]).
I.
Truncated segment with possible burin (E: A3 10731).
m. Retouched blade segment (E: A9 j0421).
n. Retouched blade segment (E: A3 f0731).
o. Retociched blade segment (E: A 10 [0451)
p. Truncated blade segment (E: A8 10591).
q. Trcincated and retociched blade segment (E: F23 [0291).
r.
Retouched blade segment (E: F 7 8 10561).
s.
Small stemmed point (E: A 10 [029]).
Investigations at Fatmall K a l e ~ i ka: Chalcol~thicHamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley
Figure 9 Flaked obsidian items fruni Fd1rrrdl1-Kalecik (see p.796).
807
808
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon
Figure 1 0 Flaked flint and other items from Fatmall-Kalecik.
a. Sidescraper on flake (E: B 1 l 10521).
b. Convergent double sidescraper on flake (E: B11 10521).
c. Sickle on blade segment (L: F25 10091).
d. Retouched blade segment iL: F27 [0031).
e. Blade segment (L: F25 10091).
i.
Endscraper on blade (L: F18 [044]).
g. Endscraper on blade (E: A2 10741).
h. Large semi-circular sidescraper on cortical flake (L: F23 10291).
i.
Retouched curved bladelet, possible perforator (L: 0 2 9 [023]).
j.
Sickle on blade segment (E: A 10 10261).
k. Sickle on retouched or partially backed blade segment (E: B 1 1 10521).
I.
g r ' b a ~ k ~ a r crescentd~N
Backed bladelet with retouch on point opposire b d c k i ~ ~(or
microlith?) (E: A8 [055]).
m. Pitted (partially perforated) slate disc (E: A6 10651).
n. Perforated sherd disc (L: F25 [007]).
o. Molded ceramic fragment (L: F25 10071).
p. Incised rectangular calcite vessel (L: B32 [006]).
q. Disc bead, dark greenish stone (L: 0 2 9 10191).
r.
Ovoid bead, quartz (L: 0 2 8 [028]).
s. Ovoid bead, dark gray stone (E: A7 10621).
Investigations at Fatmall Kalecik: a C I ~ d I ~ o l i t h Hamlet
ic
in the Upper Euphrates Valley
Figure 10 Flaked flint and other items from Fatmall-Kalecik (see p.798).
809
Bruce Howe / Bozoua Degirmen Tepe: A fate Acheuleun Surfice Site ......................................................................................................
Barthel Hrouda
/ Suruey in der
401
Umgebung uon Sirkeli Hoyiik. 1994 ...........................................................................................................
427
Fahri Iyk / Ein phrygissh-ionischer Torso der Mutrerpjittin in Alunya .......................................................................................................
435
]ale Inan / Spes Heykeli {Arkaistik) ............................................................................................................................................................
451
/ Zur Ethno-Archdolo~ieder Teergeezuinnun~in Anatolien .................................... .................................................................
457
Wolfram Kleiss / Schwalbenschwunr und Klammer in der irunisihen Arihiektur ...................................................................................... 465
Manfred Korfmann / Stelen uor den Toren Troias: Apaliunus-Apollon in Truisa/Wilusa? ............................................................................471
Kemal Kurda~;/ Orta Do@ Teknik Universitesi we Arkeoloji ......................................................................................................................489
Machtcld J. Mellink / Bilingual, and the Alphabet in Cilicia, Tuhal antl I'hrygia ...................................................................................... 495
Rauf M. Munchaev, N . Ya . Mcrpert / Tell I-luriro I - Thc Most n s i e n t Cult Centre in North-East Syria ..................................................499
Peter Neve / Rrstaurierungen in Bo~a?koy-Huttu~a
......................................................................................................................................
515
Katharina Otto-Dorn / Dus Drachenrelief uom Talismantor in Baghdad .....................................................................................................531
Revza Ozil / 7'he Conserclation of the Dome Mosniis of Hagia Sophiu .........................................................................................................
541
Mihriban Ozbasaran / The Heart of a House: The Hrurth - Aglkli Htiyiik, u Pre-pottery Neolithic Site in Centrul Anutolia ........................... 555
Metin Ozbek / Human Skeletal Remains From Agtkll, A Neolithic Village Near Aksnri~y,Turkey .............................................................. 567
581
,
Ozdogan / Buildings of Cult and the Cult of Buildings ................................... .. ..................................................
Mehmet ~ z d o g a n As11
llknur Ozgen / Surcley a n d l'reliminury Excavntions a t Hnirmusalar (Ancient Chontu) Near E l m n l ~in Northern I>ycin ................................ 601
Nimet Ozgiic / Kunig Krlrum'urtda Bulunmug Olun Eski Assur Usluburldu lki Silindir Miihiir ...............................................................
611
Tahsin Ozgiic / Kululu'da Yeni Bulunmuj Bir Sfenks Ba$l ur Yuzlt P a r ~ a s...............................................................................................
~
615
Mehmet o m i t , Nesrin Ozsait / Kejili . Yaniktaj Kaya Kabartmalari ..................................................................................................... 619
631
As11 Ozyar / The Use and Abuse of Re-use at Karkamish ...........................................................................................................................
Josephine Powell / The Persistence o j Certuin Designs in Anutolian Nomad Storagt Sacs .............................................................................641
Charles Redman / Sources of Powe~in the I'ast: Platform Mounds In Central Arizona .............................................................................. 653
George5 Tm Rider / Le Dibut du Monnnyage Aihiminid L. Continuation ou Innouution! ............................................................................ 663
675
Wolfgang Rollig / Sinn unrl Fowl Formaler Aufbau und literurisshe Stnrktur der Karutepe.1nschrift ............................................................
Klaus Schmidt / Fruhneolithische Silexdolche ............................................................................................................................................ 681
Werner Schnuchel (in Zusammenarbeit mit Wulf Schirrner) / Beobachtungen a n Kirihenbauten in der Pruuini Diyarbak~r ......................693
. aus der Ebene van Ergani (1 9801 ................................................................................................
711
Renate Schonhagen / Ein G r ~0i... Bilde~
Veli Sevin / VarJKarugiiitdiir K a r ~ l a r r n ~1~1,ij
n ~ n d aDo@ Anadolu GECDeinir CURCunak Ciiml@i ........................................................715
Agnes Spycket / En Visite d Karatepe .......................................................................................................................................................727
729
Tamara Stech / Thoughts on Ancient Craft and Crnftsmanship in Socithti~estAsia .................................................................................
Robert B . Stewart / Lotus and Lotus-Eaters ...............................................................................................................................................
735
r
739
Oguz Tanlndl / "Bilgisuyar Uestckli Arkeoloji": Arkeoloj ik K a i i Projeleri li.in Otomitsyon Modeli . 2: Kazi S~rusrndakiC t r l ~ ~ m a l u...............
Asuman G. Tiirkmenoglu, Ernine N . Caner Saltlk / G r a t e p e Bazaltlarinrn Borugma Sorunlar~ue Koruma Yollarl .................................... 753
Patty Jo Watson / The P~elti,[uric Project, 1968 and 1970: A Familial Memoir ....................................................................................... 759
Andrke R . Wood / Revisited: Blood Residue Inr~e,rigutions a t Goyonu, Turkey ........................................................................................
763
Henry E. Wright, Jr. / Origin of the Clilnute and Vegatation in the Mediterranean Area .............................................................................765
Henry T. Wright, Robert Whallon / Inc~estigationsa t Futmalr Kalecik: A Chalcolitilic Hamlet in the Upper Euphrates Valley .....................775
811
Jak Yakar / Were the EBA Inhabitants of Karutic$-Semayiik Semi-Sedcntury? A n Ethnoarchneologicctl View- ...........................................
Zehra Yegingil, Giulio Bigazzi, Gerard Poupeau and Ludovic Bellot-Crurlet / Prozlenuncr Studies of Obsidian Artej'ucts in Anatolia:
Ulla Johansen
.
The Contribution of the Fission Track Atialyscs
.............................................................................................................................. 823
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