U L U S L A R A R A S I Ç A Ğ L A R B O Y U N C A H A TA Y V E Ç E V R E S İ A R K E O L O J İS İ S E M P O Z Y U M U B İL D İR İL E R İ T H E P R O C E E D IN G S O F T H E IN T E R N A T IO N A L S Y M P O S IU M O N T H E A R C H E O L O G Y O F H A T A Y A N D IT S V I C I N I T Y T H R O U G H T H E A G E S Qc; Y IL H A T A Y ’ IN ANAVATANA K A T IL IM IN IN Y IL D Ö N Ü M Ü y -k z z s j H a t a y ’ı n a n a v a ta n ı n a k a t ı Cı ş ı n ı n 7 4 . y ı l ı i l e T ü r k iy e C u m h u r iy e tin in K u r u lu ş u n u n 9 0 . y ı l ı a n ıs ın a . U L U S L A R A R A S I Ç A Ğ L A R B O Y U N C A H A T A Y V E Ç E V R E S İ A R K E O L O J İS İ S E M P O Z Y U M U B İL D İR İL E R İ 2 1 - 2 4 M A Y IS 2 0 1 3 A N T A K Y A M U S T A F A K E M A L Ü N İV E R S İT E S İ, F E N - E D E B İY A T F A K Ü L T E S İ AR K EO LO Jİ B Ö LÜ M Ü T H E P R O C E E D IN G S O F T H E IN T E R N A T IO N A L S Y M P O S IU M O N T H E A R C H E O LO G Y O F HATAY AND IT S V IC IN IT Y T H R O U G H T H E A G E S 2 1 -2 4 M AY 2 0 1 3 ANTAKYA M U S T A F A K E M A L U N IV E R S I T Y F A C U L T Y O F F A C U L T Y O F S C IE N C E A N D L E T T E R S , ARCHAEOLO GY DEPARTM ENT M U S T A F A K E M A L Ü N İV E R S İT E S İ Y A Y IN L A R I NO: 5 2 U lu s la ra ra s ı Ç ağlar B o y u n ca H a ta y ve Ç evresi A rk e o lo jis i S e m p o z y u m u B ild irile ri 2 1 -2 4 M a yıs 2 0 1 3 A n ta kya T he P ro c e e d in g s o f T h e In te rn a tio n a l S y m p o s iu m On T h e A rc h e o lo g y o f H a ta y and Its V ic in ity T h ro u g h T he Ages 2 1 -2 4 M a y 2 0 1 3 A n ta kya © M u s ta fa K em al Ü n iv e rs ite s i Y a yın la rı No: 52 ISBN: 9 7 8 -9 7 5 -7 9 8 9 -5 0 -9 Bu k it a p t a y a y ın la n a n b ild ir ile r in y a y ım h a k k ı s a k lıd ır. Y a z a r la r ın ın y a z ılı iz n i o lm a k s ız ın ç o ğ a lt ıla m a z , b a s ıla m a z , y a y ın la n a m a z . B ild iri m e t in le r iy le ilg ili h e r tü rlü s o r u m lu lu k y a z a r la r ın a a ittir. A ll rig h ts r e s e rv e d . N o p a r t o f t h is b o o k m a y b e u s e d o r re p r o d u c e d w it h o u t w r it t e n p e rm is s io n f r o m t h e a u th o r s . A ll re s p o n s ib ilit y ris in g f r o m t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e p a p e rs p u b lis h e d h e r e r e s ts u p o n t h e ir a u th o r s . Baskı Ö ncesi H a z ırlık - P repared fo r p rin t by M u s ta fa K em al Ü n iv e rs ite s i, F e n -E d e b iya t F a kü lte si, A rk e o lo ji B ö lü m ü K a p a k Tasa rım ı - Cover d esign M u s ta fa K em al Ü n iv e rs ite s i, F e n -E d e b iya t F a kü lte si, A rk e o lo ji B ö lü m ü Ç izim - Illu s tra tio n B arış K o ca m a z Baskı - P rin t K a n a tlı M ah. A ta tü rk Cad. M e c ito ğ lu Apt. K at:2 N o :3 0 A n ta k y a / HATAY Tel: + 9 0 3 2 6 2 1 6 71 81 - 88 Faks: + 9 0 3 2 6 2 1 6 71 82 w w w .h a ta y life .c o m A n ta k y a - T ü rk iy e 2014 E d itö r le r - E d ite d B y A y n u r Ö z f ı r a t - Ç ile m U y g u n B ilim K u r u lu - A c a d e m ic C o m m it t e e P r o f . D r. A y n u r Ö z f ır a t P r o f . D r. K. A s lıh a n Y e n e r P r o f. D r. T i m o t h y H a r r is o n D o ç . D r. H a t i c e P a m ir D ü z e n le m e K u ru lu - O rg a n iz a tio n C o m m it te e Prof. Dr. A yn u r Ö zfıra t Doç. Dr. H a tic e P a m ir Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ç ilem U ygun Öğr. Gör. A h m e t G ö rm ü ş Arş. Gör. C anan K a ra ta ş Arş. Gör. B arış K o ca m a z İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ P r o f . D r . H ü s n ü S a C ih Ç ü d e r , M u s t a f a K j m a C Ü n i v e r s i t e s i R e k t ö r ü P r o f D r . A y n u r Ö z f . r a t , M u s t a f a K j m a C Ü n i v e r s i t e s i F e n - E d e b i y a t F a-kü Cte s i D e k a n ı A r k e o Co ji B ö Cü m B a ş k a n ı BİLDİRİLER - PAPERS E rksin GÜLEÇ, İs m a il ÖZER, M e h m e t SAĞIR, İs m a il BAYKARA, S erkan ŞAHİN, A h m e t Cem ERKMAN, A yşen AÇIKKOL YILD IR IM “İ k M o d e r n İn sa n la rfln a d o C u ’da: Ü ça ğ ızlı M ağarası". .................................................................................................................................. 1 7 Em re ÖZŞAHİN, Ç a ğ la r K ıvanç KAYM AZ “Coğrafi B ir Değerlendirme: A m ik ^O va sı (H atay) H öyükleri". ............................................................................................................................ 2 9 Rana ÖZBAL “H a ta y 'ın NeoCitikjve K alkplitik.D önem leri". ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 3 A slıh a n YENER, M u ra t AKAR “Y e n i K a z ıla r Işığ ın da A çç a n a H ö y ü k , AntikA-O-la-h K e n ti O rta — Çeç T u n ç ve D em ir Çağı Ta6akalârı". ..................................................61 C ha rle s GATES “K in e t H ö yü ğ ü n A k a m e n id P e rs ve HeCenistikDönemCeri: 19 98-201 2 Y ılları K a z ı Sonuçları". ................................................................... 8 5 H a tice PAMİR “A n ta k y a K e n t İ ç i K urtarm a K a z ıla n ’. ..............................................................................................................................................................1 01 M e rye m ACARA ESER “A n ta k y a K e n t İ ç i K a zısın d a E le Çeçen M e ta l B u lu n tu la rın d a n B ir Çrup: A y d ın la tm a Ara-çları”. ........................................................ 1 1 5 M u s ta fa H am di SAYAR, Selin ÖNDER “A m m ia n u s M arcellinus ve L iè a n iu s ’un A n la tım la rın d a M . S . 4. yy. ‘da A n tio ch eia H a kk ın d a B a z ı N o tla r ”. ....................................... 1 2 1 H adrien BRU “E ssa i D e Sociologie H isto rique d A n tio c h e S u r ÎO ro n te A u x.E p o q u es H ellénistique E t Romaine: A nth roponym ie, C ultures E t Peuplem ent". ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 7 Figen ÇEVİRİCİ COŞKUN “2 0 0 5 Y ılı Ha.ç D ağı M e v k ii Y ü z e y A raştırm asın da E le Çeçen HelCenistikjve R om a D önem i Seram ikleri”. 145 Ergün LAFLI, Eva CHRISTOF “N e w HeCCenistic a n d R em an Çrave ReCiefsfr o m A ntioch". 161 Emel ERTEN “H a ta y 'd a n B ir Cam B u lu n tu : E sentep e Sky p h o su ". .......................................................................................................................................... 1 8 3 Füsun TÜLEK “In te m c tio n o f The DeCiHaCiCS e ttle m e n t w ith The S e ttle m e n ts in Issos P’Cain"......................................................................................... 1 9 1 A n g e la M. BELL “TiCmen H ö yü k 'd e B a h a d ır A k m K a z ıta n D önem inde O rtaya Çıkartılan A nadoCu’n u n E n E rken YerCi Ç a rk Y a p ım ı MaC ÇrupCarından Biri: B rittle Orange W are". ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 1 1 S a b a h a ttin EZER “Ç edik fi K a ra h ö yü k,a n d TiCmen H öyük^P lâin Sim ple W a re/S im p le W a re ÇrupCarı ve İsimCendiriCmesi Ü zerin e D üşünceler". .............. 2 2 7 C evdet M e rih EREK “L e v a n t ve AnadoCu A ra sın d a PaCeoCitikye Epi-PaCeoCitikjKfiCtüreCYayıCımı ve D ire kfi M ağarası". .......................................................... 2 3 9 A. T u b a ÖKSE, A h m e t GÖRMÜŞ “O rta E ım t H a v z a s ı ve Çevresinde M .Ö . Ü çüncü B in d e KuCCa-nıCan KjrsaCDiniAta-nCar". ...................................................................... 2 5 3 M e h m e t ÖNAL “Zeugma, ve DoCiche M ü h ü r B askılarınd a T ykh e Betim leri". ............................................................................................................................. 2 6 9 G ürhan BAHADIR “The Socio-PoCiticaC S tru ctu re o f A n tio c h B etw ee n I V — V I. Centuries". ..................................................................................................... 2 8 5 A h m e t GÜNDÜZ, A h m e t C aner ÇATAL “ŞarkjTicaret Y ılık la r ın a Çöre A n ta k y a (1883-1912)". .................................................................................................................................. 2 9 1 M in e TEM İZ “OsmanCı D önem inde A n ta k y a 'd a Ticaret A C anbrinin B içim lenişi". ................................................................................................................ 3 0 5 Sezer ARSLAN “A n ta k y a .’da OsmanCı D ö n em i 19. y y . ’a A i t B ir A ra p -O rto d o ks H ıris tiya n KatedraCi: A z i z PavCusve H a v a ri P etru s KatedraCi"....... 3 2 3 S ü le ym a n HATİPOĞLU “A ta .tü rk 'ü n H a ta y ’ı M is a k -I MiCCi’y e D âhiC E tm e Ça-bahrı"....................................................................................................................... 3 4 5 O lcay ÖZKAYA DUM AN, V o lka n PAYASLI “S a n ca k 'ta n V i k y e t ’e Bağım sızCıkM üca.delesinin B ir K ü t ü r E v i H a ta y HaCkgvCeri (1 9 3 7 -1 9 3 9 " . ........................................................... 3 5 3 İsa KALAYCI “T ra n sız İdaresi D önem inde S u riy e ’den H a ta y ’a Y a p ıü n Çöçler (1 9 1 9 -1 9 4 6 " . ........................................................................................ 3 6 3 S ervet ÇAYAN “ÇeCenekşeCA n te p E vlerin de D u v a r ve T a va n Resimleri". .............................................................................................................................3 7 7 x F a r k lı d in v e k ü l t ü r le ri 6 ü n y e sin d e 6 a r ın d ır a n H a t a y i l i an tika d ö n em d e c o ğ r a fi k o n u m u n u n s a ğ l a d ığ ı a v a n ta j l a d o ğ u i l e 6 a t ı a ra s m.da .k i s o s y a l v e k ü l t ü r e l e t k i l eşim in en c a n l ı y a ş a n d ığ ı 6 ö lg e olarakL birçok^ k üf t ü r v e u y g a rlığ a e v s a h ip l iğ i y a p m ış tı r. H a t a y c o ğ r a fy a s ın ın ö z g ü n l ü ğ ü, j e o m o f o l o ji k y a p ıs ı D o ğ u A k d e n iz i çe v re le y e n 6 i rçokLuyga rlı kLm erkez i il eya .k ın i l e tiş im v e e t k i l eşim o la n a ğ ı su n m a sı; e k o n o m i k k a y n a k la r ın ı o l u ş tu ra n tarım , o rm a n ü rü n l eri, s u v e m a d e n k a y n a k la n 6 a k ım ın d a n z e n g in l iğ i v e ik lim in in e l v e r iş l i l iğ i 6 ö lg e y i P a l e o l itikLÇa-ğ’d a n 6 u y a n a in sa n to p lu l u k la r ın c a y e r leş i m a l a n ı o la ra k c a z ip k ılm ıştır. B ö lg e d e k i 6 u k ü l t ü r e l 6 i r ik im 1 9 0 0 l ü y ıl la r d a g e r ç e k le ş t ir i len a r a ş t ı rm a la r la a rk e o l o j i li te r a tü r ü n d e ta n ın m a y a 6 a ş l a m ış v e g ü n ü m ü zd e y ü r ü t ü len ç a l ışm a la r la d a Y a.kın D o ğ u v e D o ğ u A k d e n iz y e r leş i m lerin e il iş k in d a h a g e n iş d ü z e y d e a rk e o l o ji c e ta r ih s e l v e r i lere u la ş ı l m ı ş tı r. ToprakL a l t ı n d a k i k üCtü r e C d e ğ e r le ri o r ta y a ç ı k a ra ra k , in s a n Cık L ta rih i a ç ısın d a n y o r u m Ca m a y a ç aCışa n 6 i Cim is a n Ca r ı ta r a f ın d a n g e r ç e k le ş t ir i len s ö z k o n u su a r a ş t ı rm a p ro je le rin e a i t s o n u ç la r 2 0 1 3 y ı Cı iç e r s in d e ü n iv e r s ite m iz ta r a f in d a n d ü z e n Cen en 6 ir s e m p o z y u m Ca o rta .^ 6 ir p la t f o r m d a p a y Ca ş ı Cm ış tı r. Y u r tiç i v e y u r t d ış ın d a n a r a ş t ı rm ac ı la r ın k a t ı l ım ıy l a g e r ç e k le ş t ir i len 6 u 6 i l im se l e t k in l ik t e s u n uCa n v e in s a n l ık ta r ih in in en erk en sü recin d en 6 a ş (ayarakL H a t a y ' ın a n a v a ta n a k a t ı l ım ın a k a d a r u z a n a n k ro n o l oj i d i Cim in i k a p s a y a n 6 i Cd i riCe r, k it a p l a ş t ı n l a m kL ü n iv e r s ite m iz y a y ı n se ris i iç e r s in d e 6 a s ı Cm ış tı r. B ö lg e d e y ü r ü t ü len a ra ştırm a p ro je C e rin i t e ^ i r k a y n a k ta to p la y a n 6 u y a y ın ı n oC uşum unda m a k a le le ri i le k a tk ıd a 6uCunan 6iCim insanCar ın a, s e m p o z y u m v e y a y ı n sü rec in d e e m e ^ v e r e n A r k e o l o j i B ö l ü m ü ö ğ re tim üyeCerine te ş e k k ü r ederim . H e r g eçe n g ü n g e l işm e k te o l a n k e n tim iz in ta r ih i v e k ü l tü r e l d e ğ e r lerin e y ö n e l ip ö z v e ril i ç a l ışm a l a r ın n e tic e l e r in i içeren 6u y a y ı n ın ilg ili tü m a r a ştır m a c ıla r a 6 a ş v u ru k a y n a ğ ı o l m a s ı d i leğ iy l e . . . P r o f Dr. H ü sn ü S aiih Ç Ü D E R M u sta fa %ema[ Ü niversitesi Rektörü SUNUŞ ^ H a t a y v e y a k ı n ç e v r e s in d e k i arkeolojik^değerlere iliş k in ç a lış m a la r ı v e 6 ilim in s a n la r ın ı 6 ir a r a y a g e t ir e r e ^ i C g i p a y la ş ım ın ı s a ğ la y a 6 ilm e k j a m a c ıy la M u s t a f a K e m a lÜ n i v e r s it e s i R e k tö r lü ğ ü n ü n d e s te ğ i ile A r k e o lo ji B ö lü m ü ta r a fın d a n M u s t a f a K e m a l Ü n iv e r s ite s i s a lo n la r ın d a “Ç a ğ la r B o y u n c a H a t a y v e Ç e v re si A r k e o lo jis i (2 1 - 2 4 M a y ı s 2 0 1 3 ) ” 6 a ş lık fı u lu sla ra ra sı 6 ir s e m p o z y u m d ü z e n le n m iştir . O r g a n iza s y o n d a P a la e o litik ^ D ö n e m ’d e n C u m h u riy e t D ö n e m in e k a d a r 6 ö lg ed e y ü r ü tü le n a r a ş tır m a la ra a it s o n u ç la r ilg ilile rle p a y la ş ılm ıştır . S ö z k o n u su 6 ilim s e l to p la n tın ın k a lıc ılığ ın ı s a ğ la m a k ^ a d ın a y in e R e k tö r lü ğ ü m ü z ü n d e s te ğ i ile 6 ild ir i k it a 6 ı h azırlan arak^ M u s t a f a K e m a l Ü n iv e r s ite s i y a y ı n s e r is i iç erisin d e 6 a sılm a sın a k a r a r v e rilm iştir. B ö y le c e arkeolojik^ d eğ erle riyle son derece z e n g in o la n H a t a y v e y a k ı n ç e v re sin d e y ü r ü tü le n a r a ş tır m a la ra iliş k in 6 ilg ile rm çok^ dah a g e n iş k itle le r e u la şm a sı a m a ç la n m ıştır. B ö lg e m iz d e g e r ç e k le ş tir ile n v e h e r 6 ir i t e l a ş ı n a o ld u k ç a ö n e m li 6 u lg u la r içeren a rkeolo jik ^ a la n la ra iliş k in g ü n c e l 6 ilg ile ri k a p s a y a n 6 u y a y ın ın , a k a d em isyen ler, ö ğ re n c ile r v e a rk e o lo jiy e ilg i d u y a n la r iç in y a r a r lı o la c a ğ ın ı u m u yo ru z. S e m p o z y u m u n g erç e k le şm e sin d e d e s te k le r in i 6 iz d e n esirg em eyen 6 a ş ta S a y ın R e k tö r ü m ü z P r o f D r. H ü s n ü S a lih Ç ü.der olm ak^üzere, M u s t a f a K e m a l Ü n iv e r s ite s i R e k tö r lü ğ ü p e r s o n e li ile S a ğ lık , K ü l t ü r v e S p o r D a ir e B a ş k a n lığ ın a teşekkü rler. S e m p o z y u m B itim K u ru lu , D ü z e n le m e K u ru lu , A r k e o lo ji B ö lü m ü öğren cileri, ö ğ re tim ü y e le ri v e e le m a n la rı ile k a tılım c ıla r a em e k le ri iç in ço k^ teşek jiü rler P r o f Dr. A y n u r Ö zfıra t F en-E de6iyat F akültesi D ekan ı A rkeoloji Bölüm. Ba.şkanı ■ BİLDİRİLER PAPERS U lu s la ra r a s ı Ç a ğ la r B o y u n c a H a ta y v e Ç e v re s i A r k e o lo jis i S e m p o z y u m u B ild irile ri N E W H E L L E N IS T IC A N D R O M A N G RAVE R E LIE FS F R O M A N T IO C H Ergun Lafli * Eva Christof ** A b s tra c t T h is c o n trib u tio n is p re s e n tin g 25 fu n e ra l s te le s a nd grave s la b s fro m th e a n c ie n t m e tro p o lis o f A n tio c h -o n -th e -O ro n te s w h ic h are s to re d to d a y in th e M u s e u m o f H atay. T he s te le s and s la b s s h o w a ra th e r s im p le re lie f d e c o ra tio n and bear G reek in s c rip tio n s . T h e y ca n be d a te d fro m th e 2nd cent. B.C. u n til th e 2nd cent. A.D. F rom th e H e lle n is tic p e rio d d o w n to Late A n tiq u ity th e c ity o f A n tio c h -o n -th e -O ro n te s re fle c ts a rich c u ltu ra l life and p o s s e s s o f an e x te n s iv e s e ttle m e n t. For a b e tte r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f its to p o g ra p h y and a rc h e o lo g y th e re re m a in s s till a huge need fo r fu tu re rese a rch (H o e p fn e r 2004). T he d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e m o d e rn c ity ha s p a rtia lly co ve re d th e n u m e ro u s a rc h a e o lo g ic a l fin d s fro m seve ra l c e n tu rie s (B ra n d s 2 0 0 4 as w e ll as all re ce n t p u b lic a tio n s o f B ra n d s and P am ir). In re la tio n to th e a rc h a e o lo g ic a l re se a rch o f m a te ria l c a te g o rie s in A n tio c h th e re is an im b a la n ce , b e ca u se s o m e c la s s e s o f m a te ria ls are b e tte r k n o w n and p ro ce sse d th a n o th e rs . The m o s t im p o rta n t necropoleis are a p p ro x im a te ly lo c a liz e d (Eger 2013, 67, fig . 17; 132, fig . 18; and 133, fig . 19), b u t th e ir d e ta ils are h a rd ly know n. M o re in -d e p th s tu d ie s are la ck in g , s o th a t th e n a tu re o f th e to m b s , th e ir la yo u t, th e ir tim e h o rizo n , etc. are u n kn o w n . In th e 1 9 3 0 s a te a m o f a rc h a e o lo g is ts o f P rin c e to n U n iv e rs ity c a rrie d o u t e x c a v a tio n s in an A n tio c h ia n necropolis (S tillw e ll - C a m p b e ll 1941), b u t m o s t o f th e fu n e ra l s te le s a t th e M u s e u m o f H a ta y d id n o t c o m e fro m th e se e x c a v a tio n s . L ocal p e o p le b ro u g h t th e m fro m u n k n o w n lo c a tio n s a nd s o ld th e m to th e e x c a v a to rs . T hus, a huge a m o u n t o f th e A n tio c h e a n s te le s is w ith o u t p re cise fin d - s p o t and w ith o u t a h in t to th e o rig in a l c o n te x t. T h is also a p p lie s to th e large n u m b e r o f gra ve reliefs, w h ic h are ke p t to d a y in th e A rc h a e o lo g ic a l M u s e u m in H atay. U n til a fe w y e a rs a g o o n ly a ve ry s m a ll and a rb itra ry n u m b e r o f fu n e ra l s te le s fro m A n tio c h w e re kn o w n , n a m e ly all th o s e th a t had fo u n d th e ir w a y to s o m e c o lle c tio n s in th e U .S .A 1. The p u b lis h e d m a te ria l s h o w e d a p p a re n tly, th a t all o f th e m d a te d to th e 1 s t u n til 3 rd c e n tu rie s A.D. (K o n d o le o n 2000; a nd W eir 2001 w ith a p re s e n ta tio n o f 26 grave sto n e s), ju s t one piece, th e w e ll-k n o w n grave s te le o f T ryphe, a d e ce a se d w o m a n in th e sh a p e o f th e T yche o f A n tio c h ia 2 ap p e a re d as th e o n ly H e lle n is tic g ra ve sto n e , d a tin g to th e 2nd h a lf o f th e 1 s t ce n t. B.C. It w a s fo u n d in A n tio c h 's p o rt to w n , S e le u cia Pieria, and is s to re d to d a y in P rin c e to n . T h is d is to rte d p ic tu re w a s o n ly c o rre c te d th ro u g h th e p u b lic a tio n o f L a fli - M e is c h n e r in 2008, due to th e p e rm is s io n to d o c u m e n t a w id e r ran g e o f m a te ria l in th e H atay M u s e u m 3. T hus, th is rese a rch c o u ld re a lly o p e n an in s ig h t in to th e rich H e lle n is tic e vid e n ce a nd e x p la in s fo r th e fir s t tim e th e c o n tin u o u s p ro g re s s o f th e p ro d u c tio n o f fu n e ra ry s te le s fro m H e lle n is tic tim e s to th e Im p e ria l period. In th is s e c o n d p a p e r it is a im e d to give a m o re c o m p re h e n s iv e k n o w le d g e o f ste le s, d is c u s s in g 25 e xa m p le s. The o rd e r o f th e c a ta lo g u e is a c c o rd in g to th e ir d a te and d e c o ra tio n . * P ro f. Dr. E rgün LA F LI, D o k u z Eylül Ü n iv e rs ite s i, E d e b iy a t F a k ü lte s i, A rk e o lo ji B ö lü m ü , T ın a z te p e /K a y n a k la r Y e rle ş k e s i, Buca, T R -3 5 1 6 0 İzm ir, T ü rk iy e . ergun.lafli@ deu.edu.tr * * M a g . Dr. Eva C H R IS TO F, c /o K a rl-F ra n z e n s -U n iv e rs ity Graz, D e p a rtm e n t o f A rc h a e o lo g y , U n iv e rs itä ts p la tz 3 /2 , A -8 0 1 0 Graz, A u s tria . eva.christof@ uni-graz.at 1 J. M. P a d g e tt m e n tio n s a b o u t s te le s w ith fu n e ra ry m e a l s c e n e s fro m A n tio c h and D a phne, c o lle c te d d u rin g th e P rin c e to n E x p e d itio n a ro u n d A n tio c h - o n - th e -O r o n te s in 1 9 3 0 s : P a d g e tt 1 9 9 6, 119. 2 M a th e s o n 199 4, 1 0 8 -1 0 9 c a t. no. 11 fig . p. 108; K o n d o le o n 2 0 0 0, 1 39 c a t. no. 27 (w ith fig .); fo r th e c ity o f S e le u c ia P ie ria cf. P a m ir 2 0 0 4 . For th e ic o n o g ra p h y o f T y c h e o f A n tio c h ia cf. S ta n s b u ry -O ’D o n n e ll 1994. 3 T he fu n e ra l s te le s w e re d o c u m e n te d in th e s a m e m u s e u m d u rin g th e s tu d y c a m p a ig n o f 2 0 0 5 . A s lı S a ra ç o ğ lu c o m p le te d h e r d is s e rta tio n on 1 8 7 s te le s fr o m th e M u s e u m o f H a ta y in 1 9 9 7 a t th e A ta tü rk U n iv e rs ity , b u t th is th e s is w a s n e v e r p u b lis h e d . T he p re s e n t a u th o rs a re c u rre n tly p re p a rin g a m o n o g ra p h y w ith H a d rie n Bru on th e ic o n o g ra p h ic a l and e p ig ra p h ic a s p e c ts o f th e s te le s o f A n tio c h . N e w H e lle n is tic a n d R o m a n G ra ve R e lie fs fro m A n tio c h C h a ra c te ris tic s o f t h e H e lle n is tic G ra v e R e lie fs in A n tio c h M o s t o f th e A n tio c h ia n re lie fs c o n s is t o f lo ca l m a rb le o r so m e lim e s to n e 4. S om e o f th e m have been p roven to have been re w o rke d fro m o th e r o b je c ts . T he s te le s are d e c o ra te d by a re lie f sce n e and bear m o s tly a s h o rt in s c rip tio n . The fo rm a t is u s u a lly re c ta n g u la r w ith a lo n g h e ig h t. T he s te le s ca n be d iv id e d in a rc h ite c tu ra lly fra m e d steles, p e d im e n ta l s te le s on a re c ta n g u la r b lo c k o r fre e s ta n d in g p e d im e n ta l ste le s. T he s te le s can have a re c ta n g u la r field, o r an a rch e d niche. In s o m e c a s e s th e re is a te n o n fo r fix in g th e s te le in th e u n d e rg ro u n d . T he fittin g o f the G reek in s c rip tio n s a lm o s t in v a ria b ly ta k e s p la ce u n d e r th e e m b o s s e d im a g e in one o r tw o lin es. T he in s c rip tio n s are m o s tly a s s e m b le d by a d re s s in g th e d e ce a se d by h is na m e a nd th e s ta n d a rd fo rm u la a A u n e x « l q £, “fre e o f w orry, fa re w e ll!". The re p re s e n ta tio n s are re s tric te d to s im p ly s tru c tu re d p ictu re s, o f people s ta n d in g , seated, o r lyin g on a kline (c o u c h )5. The n u m b e r o f peo p le fro m one to th re e p e rs o n s is m o s t c o m m o n . On re lie fs o f th e fu n e ra l b a n q u e t genre up to seven peo p le ca n be s h o w n . P e rso n s s ta n d in g on a p e d e sta l are s o m e tim e s d e lib e ra te ly s h o w n in th e fo rm o f s ta tu e s . B o th dece a se d p ersons, as w e ll as th e s u rv iv o rs are m apped. S o m e tim e s s h o rt s e rv a n ts are present. The w o rld o f o b je c ts is lim ite d to fu rn itu re fo r s ittin g or lyin g a nd in th e case o f th e p o p u la r fu n e ra ry b a n q u e ts and recliners, th e re a p p e a r th e th re e -le g g e d ta b le s as s u p p o rt fo r d rin k in g cups. S o m e tim e s th e b a c k g ro u n d o f the re lie fs is also, e ith e r in w h o le or in p a rt im m e d ia te ly b e h in d th e m a in fig u re , covered w ith a c u rta in w ith tra n s v e rs e fo ld s and fra m e d by b u rn in g to rc h e s . T h is kin d o f d e c o ra tio n , as w e ll as th e re p re s e n ta tio n o f g ro te s q u e fig u re s (Lafli - M e is c h n e r 2008, 1 5 3 -1 5 4 , ca t. no. 14 w ith fig .; cf. here s te le no. 15), give us s o m e h in t on th e re lig io u s d im e n s io n , m o s t p ro b a b ly th e a d h e re n ce to m yste rie s, w h ic h had sp e c ia l im p o rta n c e fo r th e dece a se d and his s u rv iv o rs . C a ta lo g u e 1- S im p le p e d im e n te d s te le ( f ig . 1) Inv. no.: 8993. P u rch a se d in 1932. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 60 cm .; w: 39 cm .; th: 17 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . The m an in th e m iddle , w h o s ta n d s fro n ta l and has s h o rt h air is the deceased. N ext to h im is on one sid e a se rva n t g a zin g up to him , on th e o th e r sid e the re s ta n d s a re la tive ly large capsa6 a c o n ta in e r fo r s c ro lls w ith a m etal sheet fo r lo c k in g it by key. Size and p h y s ic a lity o f th e servant, as w ell as th e u p w a rd gaze are e vidence s fo r a d a tin g in the H e lle n is tic p e rio d 7. The re p re se n ta tio n in th e im a g e fie ld o f th e stele, as one can e a s ily d isce rn by th e tra c e s on th e surface, has been revised subse q u e n tly, so th a t th e o rig in a l fo rm o f th e stele, and p erhaps a lso th e p edim ent, executed in relief, w as lost, so th a t th e ste le to d a y ap p e a rs as a sim p le and s m o o th p e d im e n te d stele. In p a rticular, th e area b e lo w th e im age fie ld w a s tre a te d h o riz o n ta lly w ith a sp e cia l s c u lp tin g to o l. In th is p ro ce ss th e o rig in a l in s c rip tio n w a s destroyed, w ith th e e xce p tio n o f so m e unreada ble re m n a n ts o f Greek ch a ra c te rs on th e rig h t-h a n d side d ire c tly und e r th e scene. The stele w a s prepared fo r th e re -la b e l and re-use, b u t fo r u n k n o w n re asons th is w a s n o t done an y m ore. 4 On th e s to n e s o u rc e s a nd c a rv in g te c h n iq u e o f A n tio c h ia n re lie fs a lm o s t n o th in g is k n o w n : Cf. C o lle d g e 1 979, 232. 5 T he b a n q u e tin g im a g e ry is v e ry p o p u la r in A n tio c h , a ls o in m o s a ic a rt: D ’A rm s 2 0 0 4 , 4 3 8 . F or th e m e a n in g o f b a n q u e t s c e n e s in G reek fu n e ra l a rt in g e n e ra l: E ffe n b e rg e r 1972. 6 Cf. PM v o l. 2, 3 7 7 -3 7 8 c a t. n o 1 5 3 4 pl. 221 (T h e re c lin in g d e c e a s e d in th e u p p e r re g is te r h a s b e s id e h im on th e kline a capsa fo r s c ro lls ). 7 Cf. th e fig u re o f th e s e rv a n t on a re lie f in L o n d o n , B rit. M u s: PM v o l. 2, 3 8 2 c a t. no. 1 5 5 4 pl. 2 2 5 (2 n d h a lf o f th e 2 n d c e n t. B.C.); cf. th e g a rm e n t o f th e m an , and fit t in g re la tio n c o n c e rn in g th e s e rv a n t on PM vo l. 1, 1 6 6 c a t. no. 5 4 6 pl. 8 5 (en d o f 2 n d c e n t. BC) 2 - S te le o f t h e fu n e r a l b a n q u e t ty p e (f ig . 2 ) Inv. no.: 8929. P u rch a se d in 1938. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 4 8 cm .; w: 24 cm .; th : 11 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. Date: 2nd ce n t. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . T he u p rig h t re c ta n g u la r p e d im e n te d ste le w ith acroteria in th e sh a p e o f p a lm e tte s in th e m id d le as w e ll as on b o th ed g e s s h o w s in its im a g e fie ld on th e le ft-h a n d sid e a ve ry ta ll w o m a n w ith kalathos and veil. B ehind her and c o v e rin g th e rig h t sid e o f th e s te le th e re is a re c lin in g m an re s tin g on a kline. It is a s o -c a lle d fu n e ra l b a n q u e t relief. T he le g s o f th e s to o l are d e s ig n e d in th e sa m e w a y as th e le g s o f th e kline. S im ila r fu rn itu re le g s can be o b se rve d on s te le s o f th e 2nd ce n t. B.C. T he u p p e r end o f th e kline is low. T he s ta g g e re d a rra n g e m e n t o f th e fig u re s c re a te s a sp e c ia l se n se o f sp a ce w h ic h c o rre s p o n d s e x a c tly to th e idea o f sp a ce in re lie fs o f th e 2nd cent. B.C. ( cf. PM vol. 2, ca t. no. 1542, pl. 222; ca t. no. 1585, pl. 230). L o ts o f fre e sp a ce re m a in s above th e fig u re s . T h is area is covered by th e s ig n ific a n t tra c k s w h ic h re s u lt fro m re m o v in g so m e o f th e su rfa ce , and it s u g g e s ts th a t in its o rig in a l s ta te th e re w a s s o m e re lie f d e c o ra tio n . B e lo w th e sce n e th e s te le b re a ks o ff. T he in s c rip tio n is m is s in g . 3 - F r a g m e n t o f a s te le w ith re p r e s e n ta tio n o f a y o u n g m a n ( f ig . 3 ) Inv. no.: 16905. P u rch a se d in 1 9 8 7 fro m M r İb ra h im H o rtu m lu o ğ lu . M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 40 cm .; w: 26 cm .; d: 14 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. Date: M id to 2nd h a lf o f th e 2nd cent. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . T h is fra g m e n t o rig in a lly p e rta in e d to a s lig h tly u p w a rd s ta p e re d stele, s im ila r fo r e x a m p le to a H e lle n is tic s te le fro m E phesus o r S m yrn a (PM vol. 1, 107, ca t. no. 250, pl. 48). It s h o w s in h ig h re lie f and in a v e ry g ra p h ic a lly m a n n e r a yo u n g m an in a s lig h tly m o v in g a ttitu d e , w ith th e rig h t leg as s ta n d in g leg and th e le ft free leg. T he m an h o ld s h is rig h t a rm a c ro s s h is b o d y in o rd e r to g rip th e m a n tle , fa llin g fro m h is le ft sh o u ld e r. The c o n c e p t o f th e body, th e n a rro w to rs o , th e sp e c ia l te n s io n o f th e d iffe re n t fo ld in g as w e ll as th e m a n tle fo ld s , b u n d le d in an e xp re ssive a rra n g e m e n t o f z ig -z a g fo ld s 8 are all s u g g e s tin g a d a tin g fro m th e m id o f th e 2nd cent. u n til th e 2nd h a lf th e 2nd ce n t. B.C. 4 - P e d im e n te d s te le w it h a n ic h e (f ig . 4 ) Inv. no.: 17913. P u rch a se d fro m M r K asım N a cio ğ lu . M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 64 cm .; w 39: cm .; th : 11 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : O A u |jm d [--] 2 a A v m x ^ lq e . T ra n s la tio n : 2 O ly m p ia s [--] free o f w o rry, fa re w e ll! Date: M id 2nd c e n t.- 2 n d h a lf o f th e 2nd c e n t. B.C. Lit.: J a la b e rt - M o u te rd e 1950: 759. 8 F or th e s e fe a tu re s see, fo r e x a m p le , th e fe m a le fig u re on PM v o l. 1, 1 6 3 -1 6 4 c a t. no. 5 3 8 pl. 83 (2 n d h a lf o f th e 2 nd c e n t. B.C. - b u t w ith m u c h le s s te n s io n ). N e w H e lle n is tic a n d R o m a n G ra ve R e lie fs fro m A n tio c h On th e le ft sid e o f th e n ich e a w o m a n s its on a s im p le s to o l w ith s m o o th b a rs a nd th ic k p illo w s . She w e a rs a chiton and a c lo a k th ro u g h w h ic h a to p k n o t on th e rear o f th e head is v is ib le . One a rm s u p p o rts th e o th e r a rm w h ic h leads th e h a n d to th e c h in in a fo rm o f a P u d ic itia typ e . R ig h t in fro n t o f h er s ta n d s a s h o rte r fig u re , p e rh a p s a g ro te s q u e w h o p re s e n ts an o b je c t to her, p e rh a p s a s a c rific ia l a lta r in m in ia tu re . B o th th e s u rfa c e o f th e s h o rte r fig u re as w ell as th e s u rfa c e o f th e a lta r are d a m a g e d . T he c a re fu l re n d e rin g o f th e fo ld s a nd th e tra n s lu c e n c y o f th e h a ir k n o t o f th e w o m a n u n d e r th e c lo a k d ra w n o ve r th e head are c h a ra c te ris tic s o f H e lle n is tic tim e s. Date: M id to 2nd h a lf o f th e 2nd c e n t. B.C. 5 - P e d im e n te d s te le w ith n ic h e a n d te n o n (fig . 5 ) M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 7 8 cm .; w: 43 cm .; th : 21 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : [---------------------- ] 2 oAurce x a p e . T ra n s la tio n : [------------------------------] 2 free o f w o rry, fa re w e ll! Date: M id to 2nd h a lf o f th e 2nd c e n t. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . Sam e sh a p e as s te le no. 4 (fig . 4). Its im a g e zone is em pty, i.e. th e re is no re lie f scene. E ither th e p re s e n ta tio n w a s pa in te d , o r it has been c o m p le te ly rem oved. U nder th e niche, w h e re th e A n tio c h e a n s te le s u s u a lly bear an in s c rip tio n , th e re are tw o lin e s o f an o ld e r in s c rip tio n , as w e ll as a fu rth e r tw o -lin e in s c rip tio n w h o s e s e c o n d line c o n ta in s th e ty p ic a l fo rm u la “ a A v m xaLpe". T h is e x a m p le s h o w s on ce m ore, th e re c y c lin g and reuse o f A n tio c h e a n fu n e ra l ste le s. 6 - A r c h it e c tu r a lly fr a m e d p e d im e n te d s te le w ith a s e a te d w o m a n a n d a g irl s e rv a n t ( f ig . 6 ) M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 4 2 cm .; w: 23 cm .; th : 19 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. Date: M id to la te 2nd cent. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . The s im p le re lie f s h o w s on th e le ft sid e a v e ile d w o m a n in th e P u d ic itia type, s ittin g on a s to o l. No in s c rip tio n . N ext to her s ta n d s a s h o rt g irl se rv a n t. A s im p le H e lle n is tic w o rk. 7 - P e d im e n te d s te le w ith p ila s te rs o n b o th s id e s a n d a m a le fig u r e ( f ig . 7 ) Inv. no.: 9010. P u rch a se d in 1930. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 4 0 cm .; w: 24 cm .; th : 12 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : T here w a s a tw o -lin e in s c rip tio n u n d e r th e scene; n o t readable. Date: 2 nd cent. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . The s lim m an is c la d in a m a n tle , and w e a rs sa n d a ls . T he b a c k g ro u n d o f th e re lie f is s m o o th . S uch s lim b o d y fo rm s are ty p ic a l fo r th e 2nd cent. B.C. (see e.g.: PM vol. 1, 190 ca t. no. 694 pl. 104). 8 - A g u y a n d a m a le s e r v a n t ( f ig . 8 ) Inv. no.: 16907. P u rch a se d in 1 9 8 7 fro m M r ib ra h im H o rtu m lu o g lu . M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 4 0 cm .; w: 37 cm .; th : 30 cm . M a te ria l W h ite m arble. 1 64 In s c rip tio n : ^ l Ao l N ix ia v N l k l o u a A [u n e ] X « l q e. ol 2 T ra n s la tio n : 2 T he frie n d s d e d ic a te d N icias, so n o f N iciu s. Free o f w orry, fa re w e ll! Date: Late 2nd ce n t. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . On th e le ft sid e is s h o w n a m a le s e rv a n t w ith c ro s s e d legs, lo o k in g up to h is lo rd w h o is c la d in a m a n tle a nd s ta n d s fro n ta l. Late 2nd cent. B.C. b e ca u se o f th e size and th e p la s tic re n d e rin g o f th e m a le se rva n t. 9- P e d im e n te d s te le w it h a n ic h e a n d a m a le fig u r e ( f ig . 9 ) Inv. no.: 9042. P u rch a se d in 1936. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 37 cm .; w: 22 cm .; th : 21 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : 2 [X a ? ]iQ iw v A v t l o x o u aAurce x ^ l q e . T ra n s la tio n : 2 [C ha?]irio n, s o n o f A n tio c h u s , fre e o f w o rry, fa re w e ll! Date: 2nd to la te 1 s t cent. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . 1 0 - P e d im e n te d s te le w ith a n ic h e a n d a m a le fig u r e (f ig . 1 0 ) M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 73 cm .; w: 3 2 cm .; d: 18 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : No lo n g e r legible . Date: 2nd to la te 1 s t cent. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . T he p e d im e n te d ste le w ith te n o n s h o w s s o m e v e ry w o rn fig u re s in th e niche: A t th e le ft sid e a se rva n t, and in th e m id d le a fro n ta l s ta n d in g m an. N e xt to h im is a large b u rn in g to rc h . 1 1 - P e d im e n te d s te le w ith a m a n a n d a m a le s e r v a n t ( f ig . 1 1 ) M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 72 cm .; w: 3 7 cm .; d: 22 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : 2 A rcoA A ovig A n o A A o v io u a A u n e x ^ l q e. T ra n s la tio n : 2 A p o llo n is s o n o f A p o llo n io s , fre e o f w o rry, fa re w e ll! 1 65 N e w H e lle n is tic a n d R o m a n G ra ve R e lie fs fro m A n tio c h Date: 2 nd to la te 1 s t cent. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . The p e d im e n te d ste le s h o w s a m id d le acroterion, d e c o ra te d w ith a p a lm e tte acroterion. In its re c ta n g u la r fie ld th e re is a s ta n d in g m an a nd rig h t n e xt to h im a s h o rte r m ale servant. 1 2 - S ta n d in g m a n , fla n k e d b y t w o c h ild re n o r s e r v a n ts ( f ig . 1 2 ) Inv. no. 8443. F ound in 1927 in H arbiye, a n c ie n t D a p h n e 9, a c la s s ic a l s ite 7 km . n e a r o f A n tio ch . M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 3 6 cm .; w: 38 cm .; th : 6 cm . M a te ria l: G ray m arble. In s c rip tio n : V ery w o rn su rfa c e ; tw o -lin e d in s c rip tio n is n o t e a s ily readable . [------------------------------------ ] 2 [---------------- ] o Aut c o l Date: 2 nd cent. B.C. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . The ste le is a fra g m e n t o f a H e lle n is tic ste le w h ic h o rig in a lly n a rro w e d u p w a rd s lig h tly . The m a in fig u re o f th e sce n e is a m a n in a m a n tle , p o s s ib ly w ith a w re a th e d head. To h is le ft is a g irl in a lo n g g a rm e n t, to h is rig h t a boy. B o th o f th e m are e x tre m e ly w e ll d e s ig n e d and lift fro m th e usual, m o s tly m u c h s h o rte r s c u lp te d fig u re s o f se rva n ts. B ehind th e m an is te n s io n e d a c u rta in , lim ite d by tw o la rg e to rc h e s . The m a rke d v e rtic a l line on th e s to n e w h ic h s e p a ra te s th e m an fro m th e boy, ha s been c a u se d by a la te r a tte m p t to bre a k th e s to n e in tw o pa rts. 1 3 - P e d im e n te d s te le w ith m a n in a n ic h e ( f ig . 1 3 ) Inv. no.: 8442. A c c o rd in g to in v e n to ry re g is te rs o f th e m u s e u m it w a s fo u n d in 1927 “ in th e necropolis o f A n tio c h " (N o rth N e c ro p o lis or S o u th N ecro p o lis? ). M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 7 2 cm .; w: 35 cm .; th : 14 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : l a d aw pe 2 XttLQE. T ra n s la tio n : 2 Isa, w h o d ied p re m a tu re ly, Farew ell! Date: H e lle n is tic . Lit.: J a la b e rt - M o u te rd e 1950, 938. The e n tire s u rfa c e o f th e s te le is h e a v ily revised. D ire c tly u n d e r th e fie ld a c c o rd in g to s o m e re s ts o f c a p ita ls the re m u s t have been th e o rig in a l tw o -lin e in s c rip tio n . It w a s e rased and th e n o w v is ib le tw o -lin e in s c rip tio n w a s in se rte d below . T he m an is m o s tly de stro ye d , b u t s till th e s u b je c t o f th e re lie f a m a le m a n fig u re is re co g n iza b le . T he v o lu m e o f th e b o d y and th e s lig h t ro ta tio n o f th e fig u re a llo w a d a tin g to th e H e lle n is tic Period. 9 F or th e to p o g ra p h ic r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n A n tio c h a nd D a p h n e: L e b la n c - P o c c a rd i 1 9 9 9: 120, fig . 13 a n d 1 2 2 -1 2 3 . G ra v e S la b s w ith a R e c lin in g M a n 1 4 - S la b w it h a n u p p e r p e d im e n te d s te le w it h a n ic h e ( f ig . 1 4 ) Inv. no.: 15746. It w a s d o n a te d by th e T u rk is h G eneral D ire c to ra te o f Roads, W a te r and E le c tric ity (YSE) in 1977. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 85 cm .; w: 4 8 cm .; th : 17 cm . M a te ria l: G ray m arble. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . T he w h o le ste le ha s a q u ite w o rn s u rfa c e . It has an a rc h ite c tu ra lly d e sig n e d fra m e a nd a niche. In th e c e n te r a re c lin in g m an is s h o w n . In th e fo re g ro u n d on th e h e ig h t o f h is le g s a little s e rv a n t fig u re w a lk s fro m le ft to rig h t. The n a rro w le g s o f th e kline s h o w a s p e c ia l se q u e n ce o f d e c o ra tiv e e le m e n ts a nd a d e c o ra tiv e c lo th c o v e rs th e sp a ce b e tw e e n th e m . O rig in a lly th e re w a s c e rta in ly an in s c rip tio n b e lo w th e scene. However, it is no lo n g e r le g ib le due to th e bad c o n d itio n o f th e su rfa ce . 1 5 - P e d im e n te d s te le w ith fu n e ra l b a n q u e t ( f ig . 1 5 ) M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 30 cm .; w: 26 cm .; d: 12 cm M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : M o s tly u n re a d a b le r p a x [ — ] X q uc t o u 2 ... x « l qe T ra n s la tio n : 2 G ra t[-------], s o n o f C hrysos, [------------------------------------] fa re w e ll. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . Date: 1 s t cent. B .C .-1 s t ce n t. A.D. L e ft in th e fo re g ro u n d o f th e sce n e is s h o w n a m ale yo u th , s ta n d in g fro n ta l. B ehind h im is a m an, ly in g on a kline w ith a d rin k in g vessel in h is hand. T here is a s m a ll ta b le w ith th re e q u ite b u lk y legs. B o th p e rs o n s have a s trik in g ly la rg e head in re la tio n to th e ir bod ie s. In p a rtic u la r th e head o f th e re c lin in g fig u re ha s a b rig h t head and p ro tru d in g ears. T h is o b s e rv a tio n le a d s to th e q u e s tio n , if w e are n o t d e a lin g here w ith a g ro te s q u e . T he tw o -lin e in s c rip tio n is no lo n g e r fu lly to read. T he d e s ig n o f th e b u lk y leg o f th e c o u c h a nd th e fo rm o f th e d rin k in g ve sse l in th e hand o f th e re c lin in g m an are all d e ta ils w h ic h a ls o o c c u r on an a lre a d y kn o w n s te le fro m A n tio c h , d a te d in th e 1 s t cent. B.C10. 1 6 - P e d im e n te d s te le w ith a fu n e ra l b a n q u e t (f ig . 1 6 ) Inv. no.: 9014. It w a s p u rc h a s e d in 1935. Its rig h t edge is re c e n tly b roken a nd m is s in g . M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 70 cm .; w: 62 cm .; th : 16 cm M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . Date: 2nd ce n t. B.C. T he p e d im e n te d ste le w a s fra m e d by tw o p ila s te rs . The p e d im e n t ha s la te ra l a c ro te ria w ith p a lm e tte d e c o ra tio n . T he p e d im e n t is d e c o ra te d w ith a ro s e tte in relief. T he fig u ra tiv e sce n e is lo c a te d in a re c ta n g u la r im a g e fie ld . On th e u p p e r end o f th e im a g e fie ld th e re is a n o t y e t fin is h e d g a rla n d 11. On th e kline, w h o s e m a ttre s s is re p re se n te d only, a w o m a n is re c lin in g on p illo w s on th e le ft sid e and a m an is re c lin in g on th e rig h t side. F ro n t le ft s ta n d s a girl 10 Cf. L a fli - M e is c h n e r 2 0 0 8 : 159 c a t. no. 2 2 (1 s t c e n t. B.C.). T h e re a re a ls o s im ila ritie s w ith PM v o l. 1, 1 8 7 c a t. no. 674, pl. 101 (fro m th e e a rly Im p e ria l p e rio d ). 11 See a ls o th e n o t-fin is h e d g a rla n d on an A n tio c h ia n s te le , p u b lis h e d in L a fli - M e is c h n e r 2 0 0 8 : 1 5 0 c a t. no. 7 (in v. no. 9 0 4 5 ). 167 N e w H e lle n is tic a n d R o m a n G ra ve R e lie fs fro m A n tio c h s e rv a n t w ith a lo n g g a rm e n t. T he rig h t-h a n d c o rn e r o f th e s te le is m is s in g fo r th e m o s t part, th e re fo re , here o n ly a fe w re m n a n ts o f a th re e -le g g e d ro u n d ta b le are c o n se rve d . B ehind it, on th e h e ig h t o f th e head o f th e re c lin in g m an th e re is a large ka n th a ro s . T here se e m s to be no in s c rip tio n . T he s te le is lik e ly to d a te to th e 2 nd c e n t. B.C. due to th e fo rm a t o f th e g irl se rva n t. 1 7 - P e d im e n te d s te le w ith n ic h e a n d fu n e r a l b a n q u e t (fig . 1 7 ) Inv. no.: 8955. It w a s p u rc h a s e d in 1938. Its u p p e r edge is re c e n tly b ro ke n and m is s in g . M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 55 cm .; w: 39 cm .; th : 13 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : T hree lin e s are n o t readable. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . Date: Late H e lle n is tic . 1 8 - S te le w ith a fu n e r a l b a n q u e t a n d a te n o n (fig . 1 8 ) Inv. no.: 12635. It w a s fo u n d in S üve yd iye (to d a y 's S a m anda ğ, p e rh a p s fro m S e le u cia P ieria ) in 1937. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 4 7 cm .; w: 34 cm .; th : 14 cm . M a te ria l: G ray m arble. In s c rip tio n : 2 [— ] KaL ÂQ T £ |j[— ] a A u rco i xa ip e xe . T ra n s la tio n : 2 ... a nd A rte m [.............. free o f w o rry, fa re w e ll! Date: P ro b a b ly 1 s t cent. B.C. In th e m id d le o f th e sce n e th e re is a re c lin in g w o m a n on a co u c h . In th e le ft fo re g ro u n d th e re is a s ta n d in g m an, in fro n t o f th e kline a tin y s e rv a n t a nd in th e rig h t fo re g ro u n d a ve ile d s ittin g w o m a n . U nder th e sce n e w a s in c is e d a tw o -lin e in s c rip tio n . 1 9 - N ic h e w it h a fu n e ra l b a n q u e t ( f ig . 1 9 ) Inv. no.: 9160. It w a s p u rc h a s e d in 1957. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 51 cm .; w: 43 cm ..; th: 13 cm . M a te ria l: G ray m arble. In s c rip tio n : 2 X p u a e p « ç KaL A n |a a v [...] âA unoL xa ip e xe . T ra n s la tio n : 2 C h ryse ro s a nd D e m a n [--] free o f w o rry, fa re w e ll! Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . Date: 1 s t cent. B.C. u n til 1 s t cent. A.D. On a kline, o n ly th e w id th o f th e m a ttre s s are d is te n d e d fo u r peo p le c lo s e to g e th e r. On th e rig h t-h a n d edge o f the c o u c h is a v e ry s h o rt sized m a le se rv a n t. T he u n ifo rm ity w ith w h ic h th e b o d ie s are d isp la ye d , to g e th e r w ith the s h o rt size o f th e se rva n t, p o in t to a d a te fro m th e 1 s t c e n t. B.C. u n til th e 1 s t cent. A.D. 168 C h a r a c te r is tic s o f t h e A n tio c h ia n S te le s o f t h e R o m a n Im p e ria l P e rio d T he d e v e lo p m e n t and tra n s itio n fro m th e H e lle n is tic re lie fs to th o s e o f th e R om an Im p e ria l P eriod seem to have gone s e a m le ssly. H owever, a ne w ty p e o f fo rm a t is a p p e a rin g , th e s m a ll la te ra l re c ta n g u la r to m b s to n e s w h o s e m a x im u m th ic k n e s s m e a s u re s 3 cm . T h is kin d o f gra ve s la b s have to do w ith a ch a n g e o f tra d itio n s in fu n e ra l cu ltu re , n a m e ly w ith th e in v e n tio n o f u n d e rg ro u n d g ra v e -h o u s e s h a vin g a lo t o f in d iv id u a l n ic h e s o r lo cu li, w h ic h w ere c lo s e d on b e h a lf o f s u c h a slab. As th e s la b s are m a d e o f m a rb le and w e re s m o o th on b o th sides, C h ris tin e K o n d o le o n rig h tly a s s u m e d th a t th e s e m a rb le s la b s w ere p re p a re d fo r an o u tla y on w a lls a nd th a t th e y w ere s h ip p e d fro m A s ia M in o r to A n tio c h (K o n d o le o n 2000: 139). F rom th e s e m a rb le s la b s o rig in a lly th o u g h t fo r a d iffe re n t purp o se , th e re lie fs w e re w o rk e d o u t. The c ra fts m a n w a s fo rc e d to w o rk u n d e r c o n d itio n s im p o s e d by th e s ta te o f th is m a te ria l w h ic h o b v io u s ly e xe rte d in flu e n c e on th e d e sig n p o s s ib ilitie s . The s p a tia l d im e n s io n is fo rc e d d o w n to a m in im u m . The fig u re s have le ss vo lu m e , fa c e s and d e ta ils c a n n o t be re p ro d u ce d in d e ta il, th e fo ld s o f th e g a rm e n ts are reduced a nd b e co m e fla t. In so m e e x tre m e c a s e s th e w o rk m a n s h ip a p p ro a c h e s a ca rve d d ra w in g . T he G reek in s c rip tio n s a nd th e ir p la c e m e n t u n d e r th e p ic tu re fie ld is p e rs is te n t fo r c e n tu rie s . In a d d itio n to th e s a lu ta tio n fo rm u la a A v m X alpe, “fre e o f w o rry, fa re w e ll!" th e w is h e u ^ u x e i “ be brave!" b e c o m e s fre q u e n t. It se e m s th a t R om an Im p e ria l s te le s fro m A n tio c h have an e x tre m e ly d iffe re n t c h a ra c te r th a n th e o n e s in Z e u g m a a nd Edessa (cf. Laflı - C h ris to f 2 0 14) in fu rth e r east. 2 0 - F ra g m e n t o f a s te le w ith n ic h e a n d a m u lt i- f ig u r e d b a n q u e t s c e n e ( f ig . 2 0 ) M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 4 2 cm .; w: 35 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : 2 T ra n s la tio n : 2 M d p io g M a p io u K a i K p a x e a K p a x e o u d A u rco i xa ip e xe . M a rio s, so n o f M a rio s and Kratea, d a u g h te r o f K rateos, fre e o f w orry, fa re w e ll! Lit.: U n p u b lish e d T he in s c rip tio n w h ic h can n o w be seen u n d e r th e re lie f sce n e is n o t th e o rig in a l in s c rip tio n , b u t it is se co n d a ry. The tra c e s o f th e s c u lp to r's to o l c le a rly c o v e r th e e n tire fie ld o f th e in s c rip tio n . H owever, b e tw e e n lin e 1 and 2 o f th e s e c o n d a ry in s c rip tio n one ca n d is c e rn m u ltip le h a sta e o f c a p ita ls w h ic h b e lo n g e d to th e fo rm e r in s c rip tio n . T he fra g m e n t s h o w s a niche, in w h ic h th e fig u ra tiv e sce n e w a s in s e rte d w ith a h ig h d e p th . T here are tw o p e rs o n s re c lin in g on a th ic k m a ttre s s o f an in v is ib le co u c h . B o th p e rs o n s h o ld d rin k in g v e s s e ls in th e ir rig h t. On th e le ft sid e above th e ir b o d ie s o ne ca n see th e ty p ic a l re st o f b u n d le d to rc h e s . T h is m e a n s th a t in th e b a c k g ro u n d o f th is A n tio c h e n e s te le th e c h a ra c te ris tic p a ra p e ta s m a (c u rta in ) w a s c la m p e d b e tw e e n tw o to rc h e s . On th e le ft sid e in th e fo re g ro u n d s its a ve ile d w o m a n on a b a n k 12. She is g ive n in th e w id e s p re a d P u d ic itia type. H er fe e t re s t on a fo o ts to o l. In th e rig h t-h a n d edge o f th e sce n e th e re is a s h o rt, fro n ta l lo o k in g s e rva n t. In fro n t o f th e c o u c h a lo n g e r fo o tre s t is s h o w n . T he s p a ce b e tw e e n th e m a ttre s s and th is fo o tre s t is co ve re d by a w rin k le d p iece o f c lo th w h ic h d o e s n o t re a lly fill th e re lie f gro u n d , b u t is ra th e r in la ye d in to th e re lie f gro u n d , m a yb e due to a ch a n g e o f th e o rig in a l s itu a tio n in th is area. T he b ar lo c a te d u n d e r th e in s c rip tio n s e c tio n u n d e r w h ic h th e s to n e irre g u la rly broke off, has s o m e s im ila ritie s w ith th e H e lle n is tic p e d im e n te d s te le s fro m A n tio c h (e.g. Laflı - M e is c h n e r 2008: 161 ca t. no. 25). 2 1 - P e d im e n te d s te le o f R u fin a ( f ig . 2 1 ) Inv. no. 16737. It w a s fo u n d in th e re scu e e x c a v a tio n s a t N a rlıc a 13, a to w n s h ip 5 km . n o rth e a s t o f H a ta y c ity center, in 1987 w ith a n o th e r s te le inv. no. 16735. T he lo w e r rig h t c o rn e r has b roken off. 12 T h e fu rn itu r e is s im ila r to th a t o f b a n k s (cf. L a flı - M e is c h n e r 2 0 0 8 : 1 5 8 c a t. no. 19 w ith fig . T h is s te le is d a te d to th e m id d le o f th e 1 s t ce n t. B.C.; inv. no. 1 6 8 3 1 ). On o th e r A n tio c h ia n s te le s th e re are v e ry s im p le s to o ls q u a d ra n g u la r s e a ts a nd fo ld in g c h a irs . 13 N a rlıca is k n o w n in th e a rc h a e o lo g ic a l lite ra tu re : Y e n e r et a lii 2 0 0 0 : 1 7 9 -1 8 0 . 169 N e w H e lle n is tic a n d R o m a n G ra ve R e lie fs fro m A n tio c h M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 4 0 cm .; w: 33 cm .; th : 3 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : P o u ^ e lv a A [A Y n E X A IP E ?] T ra n s la tio n : R u fin a 14, [free o f w o rry, fa re w e ll? ] Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . Date: R om an Im p e ria l Period. On th e le ft sid e a w o m a n in h igh g ird le d c h ito n a nd m a n tle s its on a c h a ir w ith s e m ic irc u la r b a c k re s t in o ne hand h o ld in g up a b u n d le o f p o p p ie s and w ith th e o th e r h o ld in g th e m a n tle . On th e rig h t, a s h o rte r g irl s e rv a n t h o ld s a m irror. T he tw o p e rs o n s do n o t c o m m u n ic a te w ith e ach other. B etw een th e m th e re is a ro u n d ta b le w h o s e to p is a lig n e d in fro n t v ie w a nd so m e o b je c ts lie on it. T he le g s o f th e ro u n d ta b le are o n ly g ive n s c h e m a tic a lly . T he re lie f is ve ry low. The d e ta ils o f th e c a p ita ls o f th e p ila s te rs are ro u g h ly carved. T he c h a ir w ith th e s e m ic irc u la r b a c k re s t is n o t re a lly se p a ra te d fro m th e o u te r p ila s te rs . S tro n g tra c e s o f th e p ro c e s s in g on th e b a c k g ro u n d o f th e scene. C h a irs w ith s e m ic irc u la r b a c k re s t o rig in a te in Ita ly and it is n o t b e fo re th e R om an Im p e ria l Period, th a t th e y b ecom e a tte s te d a ls o in th e G reek E ast15. S o m e Im p e r ia l G ra v e S la b s w it h R e c lin in g B a n q u e te u r s An a lre a d y p u b lis h e d s la b (L a fli - M e is c h n e r 2008: 1 6 6 -1 6 7 , ca t. no. 31) is d is c u s s e d here a g a in (no. 22), b e cause it b e lo n g s to la rg e r g ro u p o f s im ila r s la b s fro m A n tio c h w h o s e a n a ly s is w ill fo llo w . 2 2 - G rave s la b w ith re c lin in g m a n 16 (fig . 22) U pper c lo s u re in th e sh a p e o f a p e d im e n t. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 25 cm .; w: 24 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : eu^u xL 2 T ra n s la tio n : 2 EYE E B I Be brave, E u se b is!17 Lit.: L a fli - M e is c h n e r 2008, 1 6 5 -1 6 6 cat. no. 31 (w ith fig.). 14 T he L a tin n a m e o f R u fin a ( P o u ^ e iv a ) is an A ra b ia n -R o m a n c re a tio n ; th e o n o m a s tic s o f th e s te le s fro m A n tio c h a re c u rre n tly b e in g s tu d ie d b y H. Bru. 15 E x a m p le s : S te le o f S o te ris , w ife o f O ik o n o m o s fro m O th ro ia in B ith y n ia : PM v o l. 2, c a t. no. 1 1 4 2 pl. 172; C re m e r 1 9 9 2 : 6 6 -6 8 , c a t. no. O1 pl. 16 (m id d le o f th e 2nd c e n t. A.D.)= C re m e r 1 991, 6 6 pl. 10 r ig h t s id e a b o ve ; on o th e r fu n e ra l s te le s fr o m O tro ia : C re m e r 1 9 9 2: 1 5 0 c a t. no. O2 pl. 16 (m id d le o f th e 2nd c e n t. A.D .); 1 5 3 c a t. no. O11 pl. 17 (2 n d h a lf o f th e 2 nd c e n t. A.D .); W id e s p re a d on fu n e ra l s te le s o f th e 3 rd c e n t. A.D. at P ru sa ad O ly m p u m : C re m e r 1 9 9 2: 1 5 6 -1 6 6 c a t. n o s. B 1 -B 3 0 p ls . 1 9 -2 5 ; ib id ., 166 c a t. no. B 3 2 pl. 25; on fu n e ra ry s te le s o f th e Im p e ria l P erio d in M a c e d o n ia : D e s c a m p s -L e q u im e 2 0 1 1 : 6 2 3 c a t. no. 3 9 5 (w ith fig .), d a te d to th e end o f th e 1 s t c e n t. A.D.; PM v o l. 2 c a t. no. 1 6 0 7 pl. 23 4 ; PM v o l. 2, c a t. no. 1 7 0 8 pl. 249 16 L a fli - M e is c h n e r 2 0 0 8 : 1 6 6 -1 6 7 c a t. no. 31, w ith a d a tin g in th e L a te A n to n in e p e rio d , d u e to th e v o lu m in o u s c u rly h a irs ty le . 17 Cf. T a e u b e r 2 0 0 8 : 305. 170 2 3 - G ra v e s la b w ith a re c lin in g m a n ( f ig . 2 3 ) S tra ig h t top. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 21 cm .; w: 18 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : A I e u ^ u [x i] 2 [------------------------- ] T ra n s la tio n : 2 Be brave, [-] (n a m e o f th e d ecease d) The s to n e is broken im m e d ia te ly und e r line 1. In th e seco n d lin e th e dead p erson w o u ld have been called by h is nam e. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . 2 4 - G ra v e s la b w ith a re c lin in g m a n ( f ig . 2 4 ) U p p e r c lo s u re in th e sh a p e o f a p e d im e n t. M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 21 cm .; w: 26 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite m arble. In s c rip tio n : 2 T ra n s la tio n : 2 eu ^ u x l n e iia b e ix o g ? Be brave, Peiza d e iko s. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d T he c o m m o n fe a tu re s o f th e s e m a rb le s la b s are e a sy to c a p tu re . T he re c lin in g m an is p ro p p e d on h is le ft e lb o w u p o n a kline, w ith h ig h b a c k re s ts a nd co ve re d by a v o lu m in o u s m a ttre s s w h o s e h e a d -e n d c o n tin u e s in s te a d o f a c u s h io n . T he le g s o f th e kline bear c o a rs e d e c o ra tiv e e le m e n ts and s u g g e s ts th a t a w o o d e n fu rn itu re is m eant. B efore th e m a n a nd th e kline is a ro u n d ta b le w ith a sin g le , c o n ic a l base. The o b je c ts s h o w n on th e ro u n d ta b le are n o t c lo s e r re c o g n iz a b le . T he re c lin in g m an, d re sse d in c h ito n a nd m a n tle , lo o k s fro n ta l. H is rig h t a rm is ru n n in g a lo n g th e o u ts tre tc h e d b o d y and h is rig h t h a n d h o ld s a lo o p g a rla n d . The s h o rt G reek in s c rip tio n is w ritte n b etw een th e le g s o f th e kline in one o r tw o lines. In A s ia M in o r th e re are s o m e grave re lie fs w ith th e re c lin in g hero a tte s te d in th e R om an Im p e ria l P eriod, b u t th o s e re lie fs are a lw a y s s tro n g e r in n a rra tio n , b e ca u se th e re clin e d b a n q u e te u r h o ld s a w re a th in h is hand and th o s e re lie fs are d e fin ite ly ric h e r in d e ta ils (PM vol. 2, 417, ca t. nos. 1 7 1 1 -1 7 1 2 , pl. 253). In ite m no. 24 th e b o d y d o e s n o t a p p e a r o rg a n ic an y m ore. T he u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e fig u re w a s no lo n g e r present, o r w ith o th e r w o rd s , c o u ld no lo n g e r be im p le m e n te d : th e c o rp o re a lity d is a p p e a rs co m p le te ly , th e p ro p o rtio n s are c o m p le te ly n e g le cte d . H is rig h t, s lig h tly a n gled knee w a s no lo n g e r u n d e rs to o d . T he a rm w ith th e lo o p g a rla n d is if w e kn e w o n ly th is re p re s e n ta tio n , is no lo n g e r re c o g n iz a b le as su ch . T he o n ly w a y to se p a ra te and lift th e ta b le fro m its e n v iro n m e n t w a s to d ra w b o u n d a ry lines. T he m a ttre s s , as th e e n tire kline, is in re la tio n to th e fig u re to o big. The in s c rip tio n is in se rte d in to th e scene. T he th re e s te le s d iffe r in th e ir fra m in g : No. 22 s h o w s fla t sid e b a rs a nd a p e d im e n t. B ecause o f th e p re se n ce o f la te ra l a c ro te ria it se e m s to be b e tte r e x e cu te d th a n th e o th e rs. No. 23, re c ta n g u la r ste le be a rs on th re e s id e s th e sa m e sid e bars. No. 24 has la te ra l b a rs a nd a b o tto m bar, no. 23 is fra m e d w ith la te ra l b a rs a nd ha s a p e d im e n t­ sh a p e d u p p e r end. N e w H e lle n is tic a n d R o m a n G ra ve R e lie fs fro m A n tio c h T h is g ro u p o f fu n e ra l b a n q u e t re lie fs ca n be c o n n e c te d w ith th e to m b s to n e o f E ubolas fro m A n tio c h in P rin c e to n w h ic h to o ha s been a s s ig n e d to th e 2 nd cent. A.D. (K o n d o le o n 2000, 1 4 0 -1 4 1 , cat. no. 30 w ith fig .; and W eir 2001, 2 9 1 -2 9 2 , ca t. no. 117 w ith fig .) 2 5 - G ra v e s la b w ith a re c lin in g m a n (f ig . 2 5 ) M e a s u re m e n ts : h: 3 2 cm .; w: 19.5 cm . M a te ria l: W h ite -g ra y m a rb le In s c rip tio n : M YP ? 2 Xa~LQ[e] T ra n s la tio n : (N am e o f th e deceased, n o t kn o w n ), fre e o f w orry, fa irw e ll! Date: 2 nd h a lf o f th e 2 nd cent. AD., la te A n to n in e period. Lit.: U n p u b lish e d . T h is g ra v e s to n e o rig in a lly had an a rch e d to p . The dece a se d is re c lin in g on a m a ttre s s and a kline w h o s e e le m e n ts are v e ry rig id and g e o m e tric a lly . A ls o th e m e m b e rs o f h is hand w h ic h is h o ld in g a d rin k in g cup, are rig id and a n g u la r in d e sig n . T he le ft a rm is in c o n tra s t to th e s la b s nos. 22, 23 and 24 m o re d is ta n t fro m th e body. T he o b je c t he held here, is b roken o ff. T he d is p ro p o rtio n a te ly la rg e head has a h ig h fo re h e a d and d rille d c u rls . A lth o u g h the re se e m s to be no beard, a v o lu m in o u s h a ir s ty le a nd d rille d c u rls s u g g e s t a d a te in la te A n to n in e tim e s as w e ll. S u rp ris in g ly on a fra g m e n t o f a s la b w ith a re c lin in g m an in P rin c e to n (W eir 2001, 3 0 0 -3 0 1 , cat. no. 125; “ p ro b a b ly 2nd cent. A.D."), w h ic h is d iffe re n t fo r its w h ite m arble, th e ic o n o g ra p h y is th e sam e: th e sa m e kin d o f th e kline and m a ttre s s and th e sa m e o ve ra ll s tru c tu re . Even tw o p a ra lle l fo ld s w h ic h are fa llin g fro m th e le ft s h o u ld e r on the u p p e r b o d y do m a tc h in b o th slabs. N o te s a n d A c k n o w le g m e n ts A b b re v ia tio n s in th e c a ta lo g u e : h: h e ig h t; w: w id th ; th : th ic k n e s s ; and ce n t.: ce n tu ry. w a s s tu d ie d w ith th e a u th o riz a tio n o f th e T u rk is h M in is try o f C u ltu re and T o u ris m T h is c o lle c tio n in 2005 [p e rm it no.: B .1 6 .0 .K V M G .0 .1 0 .0 0 .0 1 /7 0 7 .1 .(0 5 7 9 )-1 2 2 0 5 0 ]. A ll th e p h o to s w ere ta k e n by E. Laflı in 2005, and th e y have been w o rk e d by Dr. S am i P atacı (U n iv e rs ity o f A rd a h a n ). We w o u ld like to th a n k th e fo llo w in g c o lle a g u e s fo r th e ir help w ith v a rio u s a s p e c ts o f th is p a p e r (a lp h a b e tic a lly ): Dr. H a d rie n Bru (B e sa n ço n ) a nd Dr. Ç ilem U ygun (H atay). 172 Bibliography B ra n d s 2 0 0 4 B ra n d s , G ., O r ie n ti s a p e x p u lc h e r . D ie K r o n e d e s O rie n ts . A n tio c h ia u n d s e in e M a u e r n in K a is e r z e it u n d S p ä ta n tik e , A n tik e Welt 3 5 /2 , 2 0 0 4 , 1 1 -1 6 . C r e m e r 1991 C re m e r , M ., H ellen istisch -rö m isc h e G rabstelen im nordw estlichen K lein a sien I. M ysien, A s ia M i n o r S tu d ie n 4 , 1 ( B o n n 1 9 9 1 ). C re m e r 1992 C re m e r, M ., H ellenistisch-röm ische G rabstelen im nordw estlichen K lein asien II. Bithynien, A s ia M in o r S tu d ie n 4, 2 ( B o n n 1 9 9 2 ). D ’A r m s 2 0 0 4 D ’A r m s , J . H ., T h e C u lin a r y R e a lity o f R o m a n U p p e r - C la s s C o n v iv ia : In te g r a tin g T e x ts a n d Im a g e s , C om pa rative S tu d ies in S o c ie ty a n d H isto ry 4 6 /3 , 2 0 0 4 , 4 2 8 - 4 5 0 . D e s c a m p s - L e q u im e 2 0 1 1 D e s c a m p s - L e q u im e , S ., (e d .), A u ro yaum e d ’A lexa n d re le G rand. L a M a céd o in e antique. C et ou vra g e acco m p a g n e l ’E xp o sitio n »A u R o ya u m e d ’A lexa n d re le Grand. L a M a c éd o n ie A ntique«, o rganisée à P aris, au M u sé e du L ouvre, du 13 octobre 2011 au 16 ja n v ie r 2 0 1 2 ( P a r is 2 0 1 1 ). E g er 2013 E g e r, A . A ., ( R e ) M a p p in g M e d ie v a l A n tio c h U r b a n T r a n s f o r m a tio n s f r o m t h e E a r ly I s la m ic to th e M id d le B y z a n tin e P e rio d s , D u m b a rto n O aks P a p ers 6 7 , 2 0 1 3 , 9 5 -1 3 4 . E ff e n b e r g e r 1 9 7 2 E f fe n b e r g e r , A ., D a s S y m p o s io n d e r S e lig e n . 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(e d .) , A ntio ch : The L o st A n c ie n t City, [ p u b lish e d on th e o cca sio n o f th e E xh ib itio n “A n tio ch - the L o st A n cie n t C ity ”, W orcester A r t M useum , Worcester, M a ssachusetts, O c to b e r 7, 200 0 - F e b ru a ry 4, 2001, the C leve la n d M u seu m o f Art, C leveland, O hio, M arch 18 - J u n e 3, 2001, The B altim o re M u seu m o f A rt, B altim ore, M aryla nd, S ep tem b er 16 - D e c e m b e r 30, 2 0 01] ( P r in c e to n , N J 2 0 0 0 ). L a f li a n d M e is c h n e r 2 0 0 8 L a f li, E . - J. M e is c h n e r, H e lle n is tis c h e u n d r ö m is c h e G r a b s te le n im A r c h ä o lo g is c h e n M u s e u m v o n H a ta y in A n ta k y a , Jahreshefte des Ö sterreich ischen A rchäologischen In stitu te s in Wien 7 7 , 2 0 0 8 , 1 4 5 -1 8 3 . L a f li a n d C h r i s t o f 2 0 1 4 L a f li, E . - E . 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P a d g e tt 1 9 9 6 P a d g e tt, J . M ., T h e C o lle c tio n s o f A n c ie n t A rt: T h e E a r ly Y e a rs , R ec o rd o f th e A r t M useum , P rin ceto n U niversity 5 5 /1 /2 , 1 9 9 6 ( = A n A r t M u s e u m fo r P rin c e to n : T h e E a r ly Y e a rs ), 1 0 7 -1 2 4 . P a m ir 2 0 0 4 P a m ir, H ., E in e S ta d t s te llt s ic h v o r. S e le u k ia P ie r ia u n d ih r e R u in e n , A n tik e Welt 3 5 /2 , 2 0 0 4 , 1 7 -2 1 . S ta n s b u r y a n d O ’D o n n e ll 1 9 9 4 S ta n s b u r y , M . D . - O ’D o n n e ll , R e f le c tio n s o f th e T y c h e o f A n tio c h in L ite r a r y S o u rc e s a n d o n C o in s , Yale U niversity A rt G allery B u lletin 1 9 9 4 [= S . B . M a th e s o n ( e d .) , A n O bsession w ith F ortune. Tyche in G reek a n d R om an A rt, Yale U niversity A rt G allery, 1 S ep tem b er — 31 D e ce m b e r 199 4] 5 0 - 6 3 . . S ti llw e ll a n d C a m p b e ll 1941 S tillw e ll, R . - W . A . 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W ilk in s o n , T h e A m u q V a lle y R e g io n a l P ro je c t, 1 9 9 5 -1 9 9 8 , A m erica n J o u rn a l o f A rch a eo lo g y 1 0 4 /2 , 2 0 0 0 , 1 6 3 -2 2 0 . 1 74 N e w H e lle n is tic a n d R o m a n G ra ve R e lie fs fro m A n tio c h ■ Fig. 7. Stele No. 7; Inv. No. 9010. 176 Fig. 8. Stele N o. 8; Inv. N o. 16907. Flg. 11. Stele No. 11. Flg. 12. Stele N o. İ2 ; Inv. N o. 8 4 4 3 . 177 I Flg. 18. Stele N o. 18; Inv. N o. 12635. 179 E rg ün L a fli, Eva C h ris to f Fig. 2 2 . S te le N o . 2 2 . Fig. 2 3 . Stele N o. 23. I Fig. 24. Stele No. 24. Fig. 25. Stele No. 25. 181