Land of Diverse Migrations: Challenges of Emigration and Immigration in Turkey

By: İÇDUYGU, AhmetContributor(s): KİRİŞÇİ, KemalMaterial type: TextTextSeries: Göç Çalışmaları ; 10 | İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları ; 236Publication details: İstanbul İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi 2009 Edition: 1stISBN: 9790000000000Subject(s): Aliens--Turkey | Immigrants--Turkey | Population transfers--Turks--20th century | Refugees--Turkey--History--20th century | Turkey--Emigration and immigration--20th century | Turks--Europe | Turks--United States
Contents:
Introduction: Turkey's International Migration in TransitionAhmet İçduygu - Kemal KirişçiEmigration in TransitionImmigration in TransitionAsylum in TransitionThe VolumePART ONE Emigration From Turkey1 Borders of Belonging in the 'Exchanged' Generations of KaramanlisRenk ÖzdemirIntroductionLiterature ReviewResearch DesignHypothesis and Research QuestionMethodologyAnalytical Part: Results and Discussions'Borders of Belonging and Immediate Others' in the Last of the Imperial RealmsNationalization of BelongingNationalization of Belonging in the Greek KingdomNationalization of Belonging in the Ottoman RealmCrossing the Borders: The Decision to 'Exchange' The KaramanlisThe Resetting of the 'Borders of Belonging' Through a Metaphorical Rite of PassageBorders of Belonging and the Separation PhaseBorders of Belonging and the Margin/ Limen (Transition) PhaseBorders of Belonging and the Reaggregation (Reintegration) PhaseDrawing Conclusions and Policy Implications2 Turkish Highly Skilled Migration to the United States:New Findings and Policy RecommendationsŞebnem Koser AkçaparIntroduction and Literature ReviewWhat is 'Brain Drain'?Early Literature on 'Brain Drain'Recent Literature on Brain DrainPersisting Skepticism on Skilled MigrationNew Trends in Skilled MigrationThe Emigration of Highly Skilled People from Turkey to the USResearch Question and MethodologyTheoretical FrameworkResearch Question and ObjectivesData Collection and RespondentsAnalysisPatterns of Turkish Migration on the USEarly Flows from Turkey to the US (1820-1950)Flows of Professionals (1951-1980)Immigration of Different Groups: Professionals, More Student Flows, and Semi-skilled/Unskilled Workers (1980-2004)The Foreign-Born from Turkey and Naturalized Turkish People in the USFrom Temporary Migration to Permanent ResidencyTurkish Students in the US and the Internationalization of Higher EducationThe Role of Turkish-American Organizations in Creating a Transnational IdentityEarly Turkish Associations in the United StatesTurkish-American Associations TodayResearch Results and the FindingsTurkish Graduate StudentsMain Problems While Studying AbroadFuture Plans (Temporary or Permanent)Young ProfessionalsQue Sera, Sera? Return Intentions of Young Professionals From Turkey to the USReturn Trends'Pioneer' Highly Skilled from TurkeyIdentity Re-formation and Transnationalism Among Turkish-AmericansGenerational ChangesReturneesUndergraduate Students in Turkey with Intentions to go AbroadConclusions and Policy RecommendationsAppendicesAppendix 2.1: Turkish Associations in the USAAppendix 2.2: QuestionnaireAppendix 2.3Appendix 2.4Appendix 2.5: Abbreviations3 World City Berlin and the Spectacles of Identity: Public Events, Immigrants and the Politics of PerformanceLevent SoysalIntroductionLiterature ReviewFrom Turkey to Europe-A Brief HistoryLabor, Culture, and TransnationalismIntegration QuestionSymbolic ForeignersResearch DesignQuestions and PremisesA Note on MethodologyAnalysisFindings and ResultsTheory and Practice of Spectacle and Plurality in EuropeSpectacular Events, Events on SpectacleClassifying the SpectacleDiscussionIdentities of Berlin and KreuzbergCalendar of Spectacles in BerlinSpectacle is No Longer UniqueThe Politics of SpectacleSpectacle is What Makes a City a CityWhere Have All the Immigrants Gone?Conclusion and Policy ImplicationsSelect Bibliography4 Culture and Migration: A Comparison of Turkish Migrant and Non-Migrant Mother's Long-term Socialization GoalsBilge YağmurluIntroductionParenting Styles, Ideas, Values and BehaviorsParenting and Child CharacteristicsParenting and CultureParenting and Socioeconomic BackgroundMaternal Education, Parenting and Child OutcomesTurkish Familial PatternsThe Present StudyMethodParticipantsConstitution of two Groups of Mothers in Terms of Their Educational StatusOther Recruitment CriteriaDemographic Characteristic of ParticipantsCharacteristics of MothersCharacteristics of Parents of Participant MothersCharacteristics of the Target ChildCharacteristics of the Father of the Target ChildHousehold CompositionRecruitment ProcedureMeasuresSociodemographic QuestionnaireSocialization Goals InterviewCoding Schema for SGI Main CategoriesCoding Schema for SGI SubcategoriesTranslation of MaterialsResultsResults for Five Main CategoriesAnalysis of Subcategories of Self-maximization and Proper DemeanorAnalysis of Subcategories of Self-maximizationAnalysis of Subcategories of Proper DemeanorDifferences in Mothers' Responses With Respect to the Sex of the ChildWithin Group Ranking in the CategoriesDiscussionGeneral Discussion and ConclusionAppendicesAppendix 4.1: A Sample Interview With a De-Identified Low-Educated MotherAppendix 4.2: A Sample Interview With a De-Identified High-Educated Mother5 Analyzing the Aspects of International Migration in Turkey by Using 2000 Census ResultsYadigar Coşkun - A. Sinan TürkyılmazIntroductionLiterature Review and Possible Data Sources on International MigrationData Sources on International Migration Data in TurkeyStudies on International Migration in TurkeyResearch DesignHypothesis / Research QuestionMethodologyResultsMigration Rates on Individual LevelsMigration Rates on Household LevelConclusionAppendicesAppendix 5.1: Total Population and the Number of Migrants by Provinces and DistrictsAppendix 5.2: Provincial Level (NUTS - 3) EmigrationRates (%), 2000 Census Results, TurkeyAppendix 5.3: Five Region ProvincesAppendix 5.4: 14 Region ProvincesAppendix 5.5: NUTS 1 (12 Regions) and NUTS 2 (26 Regions)Appendix 5.6: MapsPART TWO Immigration to Turkey6 Integration in Limbo": Iraqi, Afgan, Maghrebi and Iranian Migrants in IstanbulA. Didem Danış - Cherie Taraghi - Jean-François PérouseIntroductionResearch QuestionTerminologyDesign and MethodologyTheoretical SignificanceIncorporation of Migrants in Developing CountriesSocial NetworksChanging Patterns of Migration Waves to Turkey'Muhacirs': Welcomed Migrants of the Nation-State Formation EraNon-European Undocumented Migrants in IstanbulThe Socio-Spatial and Economic Setting for Migrants' IncorporationUrban Scenery: Istanbul - Home for MigrantsA Vibrant Informal Economy: A Pole of Attraction For All MigrantsSuitcase TradeIraqis in Istanbul: Segmented IncorporationIraqis: A Large but Invisible Migrant GroupIn Between Legal CategoriesA Short Chronology of Iraqi MigrationIraqi Kurds: Changing Patterns in a Long-Standing Migration WaveMassive Refugee Arrivals Between 1988 and 19911990s and Early 2000s: 'Explosion' of Iraqi-Kurdish Irregular MigrationIraqi Kurds in Istanbul: Fructional IncorporationThe Fading Out of Kurdish Emigration from Iraq After 2003Iraqi Turkmens: Ethnic Brotherhood, Easier Incorporation?A Mystery: The size of the Iraqi Turkmen PopulationFrom the Loss of Mosul to the Gulf War: Educational Migration of the TurkmenPost-1991: Mass DepartureThe Association and its Identity Cards: Certificate of TurkishnessEthnic Business in Osmanbey and LaleliIraqi Assyro-Chaldeans: Religious Networks and 'Deliberate Indifference'A Community En Route: Iraqi Assyro-ChaldeansSocial Networks of the Assyro-ChaldeansReligious Networks: Church as the Center of CommunityCaritas: Social Services for the Assyro-ChaldeansPriests at the Center of the Religious NetworkThe Limits of Socio-Economic Incorporation Through Religious TiesAfghanis in Zeytinburnu: A Cross Between 'Permanency' and 'Transition'Afghans in Zeytinburnu: A Brief HistoryLegal StatusIntegrating in IstanbulThe Afghan TurkmenThe Afghan Turkmen Social and Solidarity FoundationAfghan Refugees and Afghans with an 'Irregular' StatusTransit Maghrebis in Istanbul: Trajectories, Profiles and StrategiesA Distinct Presence with Varying Chronologies for Each 'National Group'Itineraries and Methods of Entry into TurkeyProfiles of 'Transitors' and Forms of TransitThe TouristThe Shuttle Trader and the MerchantThe Candidate for Exile Toward EuropeThe NannyThe Employee and the WorkerThe Student and the ApprenticeThe ProstituteThe Person in EscapeThe Articulation Between the Categories or the Risks of ClassificationStrategies ImplementedThe Inscription in a Network More or Less Pre-Constructed and StableComponents of the NetworkInvaluable FamilyThe Boss/ProtectorHousingSchool, Health and the Question of 'Relationships With Turks'Strategies to ExitThe Regular Exist from the Country and Intra-Urban MobilityThe Exit Ways of the TransitThe Reign of Contingency and Subversion of the CodesIranians in Istanbul:
Changing Migratory Patterns and Modes of IncorporationMore Than a Million Transit MigrantsSince the 1990s: Ethnic and Religious Minorities on RouteIn Search of a Better LifeVisa-Free Regulation Between Turkey and IranNetworks for Survival, Networks for IncorporationConclusionSocial Networks Facilitating 'Segmented Incorporation'Incorporation into Housing and Labor SectorsSchool, Health and Other Social ServicesImplications of State Policies for 'Integration in Limbo'7 A Survey on African Migrants and Asylum Seekers in IstanbulKelly T. Brewer - Deniz YüksekerIntroductionLiterature ReviewInternational Migration in a Globalizing WorldRefugee Flows and Asylum SeekingTransit and Irregular Migration Through TurkeyAfrican International MigrationResearch DesignResearch QuestionsMethodologyResearch MethodsPlan of the ReportAfrican Migrants in Istanbul: A Demographic ProfileFramework of Africans' Presence: Asylum, Illegality and CharityThe Asylum ProcessIrregular MigrantsHumanitarian and Social AidSocial NetworksThe SurveyMigration ProcessLife in Istanbul: Social InteractionsLife in Istanbul: ProblemsA View of African Migrants' Lives in IstanbulSocial Interactions Among Affricans and Their Living ConditionsSurvival Strategies and Income EarningDiscussionConclusionAppendicesAppendix 7.1: Refugee Flows and Internal Displacement in AfricaAppendix 7.2: Political Conditions that Create Refugee Flows in Selected African Countries8 The New International Migration and Migrant Women in Turkey: The Case of Moldovan Domestic WorkersSelmin KaşkaIntroductionLiterature ReviewFeminization of Migration and Globalisation of Domestic WorkIncreasing Demand for Domestic Work: "Care Deficit?"Increasing Supply of Domestic Labor: Feminization of MigrationResearch DesignResearch Objectives, Research Questions and HypothesisMethodologyAnalytical PartSetting the Context: Moldovan Women Domestic Workers in TurkeyTurkey: The Host Country for Irregular Migrants from MoldovaMoldova: The Country of Origin of Irregular MigrantsFieldwork FindingsMoldovan Domestic Workers in IstanbulEmployersPrivate Employment Agencies: Regulating Irregularity?Travel AgenciesConclusionAppendicesConclusion: Challenges Facing Turkey as a 'Migration Transition' Country and a Future Research AgendaIndex"
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Introduction: Turkey's International Migration in TransitionAhmet İçduygu - Kemal KirişçiEmigration in TransitionImmigration in TransitionAsylum in TransitionThe VolumePART ONE Emigration From Turkey1 Borders of Belonging in the 'Exchanged' Generations of KaramanlisRenk ÖzdemirIntroductionLiterature ReviewResearch DesignHypothesis and Research QuestionMethodologyAnalytical Part: Results and Discussions'Borders of Belonging and Immediate Others' in the Last of the Imperial RealmsNationalization of BelongingNationalization of Belonging in the Greek KingdomNationalization of Belonging in the Ottoman RealmCrossing the Borders: The Decision to 'Exchange' The KaramanlisThe Resetting of the 'Borders of Belonging' Through a Metaphorical Rite of PassageBorders of Belonging and the Separation PhaseBorders of Belonging and the Margin/ Limen (Transition) PhaseBorders of Belonging and the Reaggregation (Reintegration) PhaseDrawing Conclusions and Policy Implications2 Turkish Highly Skilled Migration to the United States:New Findings and Policy RecommendationsŞebnem Koser AkçaparIntroduction and Literature ReviewWhat is 'Brain Drain'?Early Literature on 'Brain Drain'Recent Literature on Brain DrainPersisting Skepticism on Skilled MigrationNew Trends in Skilled MigrationThe Emigration of Highly Skilled People from Turkey to the USResearch Question and MethodologyTheoretical FrameworkResearch Question and ObjectivesData Collection and RespondentsAnalysisPatterns of Turkish Migration on the USEarly Flows from Turkey to the US (1820-1950)Flows of Professionals (1951-1980)Immigration of Different Groups: Professionals, More Student Flows, and Semi-skilled/Unskilled Workers (1980-2004)The Foreign-Born from Turkey and Naturalized Turkish People in the USFrom Temporary Migration to Permanent ResidencyTurkish Students in the US and the Internationalization of Higher EducationThe Role of Turkish-American Organizations in Creating a Transnational IdentityEarly Turkish Associations in the United StatesTurkish-American Associations TodayResearch Results and the FindingsTurkish Graduate StudentsMain Problems While Studying AbroadFuture Plans (Temporary or Permanent)Young ProfessionalsQue Sera, Sera? Return Intentions of Young Professionals From Turkey to the USReturn Trends'Pioneer' Highly Skilled from TurkeyIdentity Re-formation and Transnationalism Among Turkish-AmericansGenerational ChangesReturneesUndergraduate Students in Turkey with Intentions to go AbroadConclusions and Policy RecommendationsAppendicesAppendix 2.1: Turkish Associations in the USAAppendix 2.2: QuestionnaireAppendix 2.3Appendix 2.4Appendix 2.5: Abbreviations3 World City Berlin and the Spectacles of Identity: Public Events, Immigrants and the Politics of PerformanceLevent SoysalIntroductionLiterature ReviewFrom Turkey to Europe-A Brief HistoryLabor, Culture, and TransnationalismIntegration QuestionSymbolic ForeignersResearch DesignQuestions and PremisesA Note on MethodologyAnalysisFindings and ResultsTheory and Practice of Spectacle and Plurality in EuropeSpectacular Events, Events on SpectacleClassifying the SpectacleDiscussionIdentities of Berlin and KreuzbergCalendar of Spectacles in BerlinSpectacle is No Longer UniqueThe Politics of SpectacleSpectacle is What Makes a City a CityWhere Have All the Immigrants Gone?Conclusion and Policy ImplicationsSelect Bibliography4 Culture and Migration: A Comparison of Turkish Migrant and Non-Migrant Mother's Long-term Socialization GoalsBilge YağmurluIntroductionParenting Styles, Ideas, Values and BehaviorsParenting and Child CharacteristicsParenting and CultureParenting and Socioeconomic BackgroundMaternal Education, Parenting and Child OutcomesTurkish Familial PatternsThe Present StudyMethodParticipantsConstitution of two Groups of Mothers in Terms of Their Educational StatusOther Recruitment CriteriaDemographic Characteristic of ParticipantsCharacteristics of MothersCharacteristics of Parents of Participant MothersCharacteristics of the Target ChildCharacteristics of the Father of the Target ChildHousehold CompositionRecruitment ProcedureMeasuresSociodemographic QuestionnaireSocialization Goals InterviewCoding Schema for SGI Main CategoriesCoding Schema for SGI SubcategoriesTranslation of MaterialsResultsResults for Five Main CategoriesAnalysis of Subcategories of Self-maximization and Proper DemeanorAnalysis of Subcategories of Self-maximizationAnalysis of Subcategories of Proper DemeanorDifferences in Mothers' Responses With Respect to the Sex of the ChildWithin Group Ranking in the CategoriesDiscussionGeneral Discussion and ConclusionAppendicesAppendix 4.1: A Sample Interview With a De-Identified Low-Educated MotherAppendix 4.2: A Sample Interview With a De-Identified High-Educated Mother5 Analyzing the Aspects of International Migration in Turkey by Using 2000 Census ResultsYadigar Coşkun - A. Sinan TürkyılmazIntroductionLiterature Review and Possible Data Sources on International MigrationData Sources on International Migration Data in TurkeyStudies on International Migration in TurkeyResearch DesignHypothesis / Research QuestionMethodologyResultsMigration Rates on Individual LevelsMigration Rates on Household LevelConclusionAppendicesAppendix 5.1: Total Population and the Number of Migrants by Provinces and DistrictsAppendix 5.2: Provincial Level (NUTS - 3) EmigrationRates (%), 2000 Census Results, TurkeyAppendix 5.3: Five Region ProvincesAppendix 5.4: 14 Region ProvincesAppendix 5.5: NUTS 1 (12 Regions) and NUTS 2 (26 Regions)Appendix 5.6: MapsPART TWO Immigration to Turkey6 Integration in Limbo": Iraqi, Afgan, Maghrebi and Iranian Migrants in IstanbulA. Didem Danış - Cherie Taraghi - Jean-François PérouseIntroductionResearch QuestionTerminologyDesign and MethodologyTheoretical SignificanceIncorporation of Migrants in Developing CountriesSocial NetworksChanging Patterns of Migration Waves to Turkey'Muhacirs': Welcomed Migrants of the Nation-State Formation EraNon-European Undocumented Migrants in IstanbulThe Socio-Spatial and Economic Setting for Migrants' IncorporationUrban Scenery: Istanbul - Home for MigrantsA Vibrant Informal Economy: A Pole of Attraction For All MigrantsSuitcase TradeIraqis in Istanbul: Segmented IncorporationIraqis: A Large but Invisible Migrant GroupIn Between Legal CategoriesA Short Chronology of Iraqi MigrationIraqi Kurds: Changing Patterns in a Long-Standing Migration WaveMassive Refugee Arrivals Between 1988 and 19911990s and Early 2000s: 'Explosion' of Iraqi-Kurdish Irregular MigrationIraqi Kurds in Istanbul: Fructional IncorporationThe Fading Out of Kurdish Emigration from Iraq After 2003Iraqi Turkmens: Ethnic Brotherhood, Easier Incorporation?A Mystery: The size of the Iraqi Turkmen PopulationFrom the Loss of Mosul to the Gulf War: Educational Migration of the TurkmenPost-1991: Mass DepartureThe Association and its Identity Cards: Certificate of TurkishnessEthnic Business in Osmanbey and LaleliIraqi Assyro-Chaldeans: Religious Networks and 'Deliberate Indifference'A Community En Route: Iraqi Assyro-ChaldeansSocial Networks of the Assyro-ChaldeansReligious Networks: Church as the Center of CommunityCaritas: Social Services for the Assyro-ChaldeansPriests at the Center of the Religious NetworkThe Limits of Socio-Economic Incorporation Through Religious TiesAfghanis in Zeytinburnu: A Cross Between 'Permanency' and 'Transition'Afghans in Zeytinburnu: A Brief HistoryLegal StatusIntegrating in IstanbulThe Afghan TurkmenThe Afghan Turkmen Social and Solidarity FoundationAfghan Refugees and Afghans with an 'Irregular' StatusTransit Maghrebis in Istanbul: Trajectories, Profiles and StrategiesA Distinct Presence with Varying Chronologies for Each 'National Group'Itineraries and Methods of Entry into TurkeyProfiles of 'Transitors' and Forms of TransitThe TouristThe Shuttle Trader and the MerchantThe Candidate for Exile Toward EuropeThe NannyThe Employee and the WorkerThe Student and the ApprenticeThe ProstituteThe Person in EscapeThe Articulation Between the Categories or the Risks of ClassificationStrategies ImplementedThe Inscription in a Network More or Less Pre-Constructed and StableComponents of the NetworkInvaluable FamilyThe Boss/ProtectorHousingSchool, Health and the Question of 'Relationships With Turks'Strategies to ExitThe Regular Exist from the Country and Intra-Urban MobilityThe Exit Ways of the TransitThe Reign of Contingency and Subversion of the CodesIranians in Istanbul:

Changing Migratory Patterns and Modes of IncorporationMore Than a Million Transit MigrantsSince the 1990s: Ethnic and Religious Minorities on RouteIn Search of a Better LifeVisa-Free Regulation Between Turkey and IranNetworks for Survival, Networks for IncorporationConclusionSocial Networks Facilitating 'Segmented Incorporation'Incorporation into Housing and Labor SectorsSchool, Health and Other Social ServicesImplications of State Policies for 'Integration in Limbo'7 A Survey on African Migrants and Asylum Seekers in IstanbulKelly T. Brewer - Deniz YüksekerIntroductionLiterature ReviewInternational Migration in a Globalizing WorldRefugee Flows and Asylum SeekingTransit and Irregular Migration Through TurkeyAfrican International MigrationResearch DesignResearch QuestionsMethodologyResearch MethodsPlan of the ReportAfrican Migrants in Istanbul: A Demographic ProfileFramework of Africans' Presence: Asylum, Illegality and CharityThe Asylum ProcessIrregular MigrantsHumanitarian and Social AidSocial NetworksThe SurveyMigration ProcessLife in Istanbul: Social InteractionsLife in Istanbul: ProblemsA View of African Migrants' Lives in IstanbulSocial Interactions Among Affricans and Their Living ConditionsSurvival Strategies and Income EarningDiscussionConclusionAppendicesAppendix 7.1: Refugee Flows and Internal Displacement in AfricaAppendix 7.2: Political Conditions that Create Refugee Flows in Selected African Countries8 The New International Migration and Migrant Women in Turkey: The Case of Moldovan Domestic WorkersSelmin KaşkaIntroductionLiterature ReviewFeminization of Migration and Globalisation of Domestic WorkIncreasing Demand for Domestic Work: "Care Deficit?"Increasing Supply of Domestic Labor: Feminization of MigrationResearch DesignResearch Objectives, Research Questions and HypothesisMethodologyAnalytical PartSetting the Context: Moldovan Women Domestic Workers in TurkeyTurkey: The Host Country for Irregular Migrants from MoldovaMoldova: The Country of Origin of Irregular MigrantsFieldwork FindingsMoldovan Domestic Workers in IstanbulEmployersPrivate Employment Agencies: Regulating Irregularity?Travel AgenciesConclusionAppendicesConclusion: Challenges Facing Turkey as a 'Migration Transition' Country and a Future Research AgendaIndex"